Abstract
Aims
To evaluate the productivity and N2 fixation of a range of Mediterranean forage legume species as well as their ability to be grown in mixture with a forage grass, and to verify whether N transfer occurs from the legume to the non-legume component of the mixtures and, if so, to what extent this process is affected by legume species.
Methods
Seven legume species (Hedysarum coronarium L., Medicago scutellata L., Trifolium resupinatum L., Trifolium squarrosum L., Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Vicia sativa L., Vicia villosa Roth) were grown alone or in mixture with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.). Biomass and N yields and biological N2 fixation (15N dilution technique) were measured. N transfer from legume to the non-legume component was also assessed. The efficiency of the intercrops was evaluated using the land equivalent ratio (LER), aggressivity index, and competitive ratio.
Results
Differences were observed among the monocropped legumes for biomass yield, N2 fixation, and ability to utilize inorganic soil N. Moreover, the proportion of legume species to the total biomass yield of the intercrop varied from 30 % (T. resupinatum) to 69 % (T. foenum-graecum). All intercrops showed an advantage over monocrops in terms of biomass and N yields (LER and NLER values always >1). No N transfer occurred from legume to ryegrass in any of the mixtures.
Conclusions
The large differences observed among the studied legumes must be taken into account when trying to develop cropping systems with more efficient N use. Moreover, as all legume–ryegrass intercrops used natural resources more efficiently than pure crops, intercropping is a relevant cropping strategy for sustainable agricultural systems in Mediterranean environments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anglade J, Billen G, Garnier J (2015) Relationships for estimating N2 fixation in legumes: incidence for N balance of legume-based cropping systems in Europe. Ecosphere 6, art37. doi:10.1890/ES14-00353.1
Anil L, Park J, Phipps RH, Miller FA (1998) Temperate intercropping of cereals for forage: a review of the potential for growth and utilization with particular reference to the UK. Grass Forage Sci 53:301–317. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2494.1998.00144.x
Bedoussac L, Justes E (2010) The efficiency of a durum wheat–winter pea intercrop to improve yield and wheat grain protein concentration depends on N availability during early growth. Plant Soil 330:19–35. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0082-2
Bulson HAJ, Snaydon RW, Stopes CE (1997) Effects of plant density on intercropped wheat and field beans in an organic farming system. J Agric Sci 128:59–71. doi:10.1017/S0021859696003759
Canfield DE, Glazer AN, Falkowski PG (2010) The evolution and future of Earth’s nitrogen cycle. Science 330:192–196. doi:10.1126/science.1186120
Chalk PM (1998) Dynamics of biologically fixed N in legume-cereal rotations: a review. Aust J Agric Res 49:303. doi:10.1071/A97013
Chalk PM, Peoples MB, McNeill AM, Boddey RM, Unkovich MJ, Gardener MJ, Silva CF, Chen D (2014) Methodologies for estimating nitrogen transfer between legumes and companion species in agro-ecosystems: a review of 15N-enriched techniques. Soil Biol Biochem 73:10–21. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.02.005
Corre-Hellou G, Fustec J, Crozat Y (2006) Interspecific competition for soil N and its interaction with N2 fixation, leaf expansion and crop growth in pea-barley intercrops. Plant Soil 282:195–208. doi:10.1007/s11104-005-5777-4
Corre-Hellou G, Brisson N, Launay M, Fuste J, Crozat Y (2007) Effect of root depth penetration on soil nitrogen competitive interactions and dry matter production in pea-barley intercrops given different soil nitrogen supplies. Field Crop Res 103:76–85. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.04.008
Dahlin AS, Stenberg M (2010) Transfer of N from red clover to perennial ryegrass in mixed stands under different cutting strategies. Eur J Agron 33:149–156. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2010.04.006
De Wit CT, van Den Bergh JP (1965) Competition between herbage plants. J Agric Sci 13:212–221
Frey B, Schüepp H (1992) Transfer of symbiotically fixed nitrogen from berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) to maize via vesicular—arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae. New Phytol 122:447–454
Fried M, Middelboe V (1977) Measurement of amount of nitrogen fixed by a legume crop. Nitrogen Isot Technol 47:713–715. doi:10.1007/BF00011042
Fujita K, Ofosu-Budu KG, Ogata S (1992) Biological nitrogen fixation in mixed legume-cereal cropping systems. Plant Soil 141:155–175. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0910-1_9
Fustec J, Lesuffleur F, Mahieu S, Cliquet J-B (2010) Nitrogen rhizodeposition of legumes. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 30:57–66. doi:10.1051/agro/2009003
Giambalvo D, Ruisi P, Di Miceli G, Frenda AS, Amato G (2011) Forage production, N uptake, N2 fixation, and N recovery of berseem clover grown in pure stand and in mixture with annual ryegrass under different managements. Plant Soil 342:379–391. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0703-9
Giambalvo D, Ruisi P, Saia S, Di Miceli G, Frenda AS, Amato G (2012) Faba bean grain yield, N2 fixation, and weed infestation in a long-term tillage experiment under rainfed Mediterranean conditions. Plant Soil 360:215–227. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1224-5
Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jensen ES (2005) Facilitative root interactions in intercrops. Plant Soil 274:237–250. doi:10.1007/s11104-004-1305-1
Haynes RJ (1980) Competitive aspects of the grass-legume association. Adv Agron 33:227–261. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60168-6
He X-H, Critchley C, Bledsoe C (2003) Nitrogen transfer within and between plants through Common Mycorrhizal Networks (CMNs). CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 22:531–567. doi:10.1080/713608315
Herridge DF, Peoples MB, Boddey RM (2008) Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. Plant Soil 311:1–18. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9668-3
Høgh-Jensen H (2006) The nitrogen transfer between plants: an important but difficult flux to quantify. Plant Soil 282:1–5. doi:10.1007/s11104-005-2613-9
Høgh-Jensen H, Schjoerring J (1997) Interactions between white clover and ryegrass under contrasting nitrogen availability: N2 fixation, N fertilizer recovery, N transfer and water use efficiency. Plant Soil 197:187–199. doi:10.1023/A:1004289512040
Izaurralde RC, Mcgill WB, Juma NG (1992) Nitrogen fixation efficiency, interspecies N transfer, and root growth in barley-field pea intercrop on a Black Chernozemic soil. Biol Fertil Soils 13:11–16. doi:10.1007/BF00337231
Javanmard A, Nasab ADM, Javanshir A, Moghaddam M, Janmohammadi H (2009) Forage yield and quality in intercropping of maize with different legumes as double-cropped. J Food Agric Environ 7:163–166
Jensen ES, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2003) How can increased use of biological N2 fixation in agriculture benefit the environment? Plant Soil. pp 177–186. doi: 10.1023/A:1024189029226
Jørgensen FV, Jensen ES, Schjoerring JK (1999) Dinitrogen fixation in white clover grown in pure stand and mixture with ryegrass estimated by the immobilized 15N isotope dilution method. Plant Soil 208:293–305. doi:10.1023/A:1004533430467
Kurdali F, Sharabi NE, Arslan A (1996) Rainfed vetch-barley mixed cropping in the Syrian semi-arid conditions. Plant Soil 183:137–148. doi:10.1007/BF02185573
Mårtensson AM, Rydberg I, Vestberg M (1998) Potential to improve transfer of N in intercropped systems by optimising host-endophyte combinations. Plant Soil 205:57–66. doi:10.1023/A:1004312413711
Martin RC, Voldeng HD, Smith DL (1991) Nitrogen transfer from nodulating soybean to maize or to non-nodulating soybeans in intercrops: the 15N dilution method. Plant Soil 132:53–63. doi:10.1007/BF00011012
McGilchrist CA, Trenbath BR (1971) A revised analysis of plant competition experiments. Biometrics 27:659–671. doi:10.2307/2528603
Morris DR, Weaver RW, Smith GR, Rouquette FM (1990) Nitrogen transfer from arrowleaf clover to ryegrass in field plantings. Plant Soil 128:293–297. doi:10.1007/BF00011122
Moyer-Henry KA, Burton JW, Israel DW, Rufty TW (2006) Nitrogen transfer between plants: a 15N natural abundance study with crop and weed species. Plant Soil 282:7–20. doi:10.1007/s11104-005-3081-y
Munoz AE, Weaver RW (1999) Competition between subterranean clover and rygrass for uptake of 15N-labeled fertilizer. Plant Soil 211:173–178. doi:10.1023/A:1004646319700
Nichols PGH, Loi A, Nutt BJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Pengelly BC, Dear BS, Lloyd DL, Revell CK, Nair RM, Ewing MA, Howieson JG, Auricht GA, Howie JH, Sandral GA, Carr SJ, de Koning CT, Hackney BF, Crocker GJ, Snowball R, Hughes SJ, Hall EJ, Foster KJ, Skinner PW, Barbetti MJ, You MP (2007) New annual and short-lived perennial pasture legumes for Australian agriculture-15 years of revolution. Field Crop Res 104:10–23. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.03.016
Nyfeler D, Huguenin-Elie O, Suter M, Frossard E, Lüscher A (2011) Grass-legume mixtures can yield more nitrogen than legume pure stands due to mutual stimulation of nitrogen uptake from symbiotic and non-symbiotic sources. Agric Ecosyst Environ 140:155–163. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.11.022
Ofori F, Stern WR (1987) Cereal-legume intercropping systems. Adv Agron 41:41–90. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60802-0
Ofosu-Budu KG, Noumura K, Fujita K (1995) N2 fixation, N transfer and biomass production of soybean cv. Bragg or its supernodulating nts1007 and sorghum mixing-cropping at two rates of N fertilizer. Soil Biol Biochem 27:311–317. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(94)00177-3
Paynel F, Murray PJ, Cliquet JB (2001) Root exudates : a pathway for short-term N transfer from clover and ryegrass. Plant Soil 229:235–243. doi:10.1023/A:1004877214831
Peoples MB, Baldock JA (2001) Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems. Aust J Exp Agric 41:327–346. doi:10.1071/EA99139
Peoples MB, Bowman AM, Gault RR, Herridge DF, McCallum MH, McCormick KM, Norton RM, Rochester IJ, Scammell GJ, Schwenke GD (2001) Factors regulating the contributions of fixed nitrogen by pasture and crop legumes to different farming systems of eastern Australia. Plant Soil 228:29–41. doi:10.1023/A:1004799703040
Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Herridge DF, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S, Boddey RM, Dakora FD, Bhattarai S, Maskey SL, Sampet C, Rerkasem B, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Jensen ES (2008) Biological nitrogen fixation by food legumes. In: Kharkwal MC (ed) Food legumes for nutritional security and sustainable agriculture. Proceedings 4th International Food Legumes Research Conference (IFLRC-IV), New Delhi, India. Indian Society of Genetics and Plant Breeding, New Delhi
Ruisi P, Siragusa M, Di Giorgio G, Graziano D, Amato G, Carimi F, Giambalvo D (2011) Pheno-morphological, agronomic and genetic diversity among natural populations of sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) collected in Sicily, Italy. Genet Resour Crop Evol 58:245–257. doi:10.1007/s10722-010-9565-5
Ruisi P, Giambalvo D, Di Miceli G, Frenda AS, Saia S, Amato G (2012) Tillage effects on yield and nitrogen fixation of legumes in Mediterranean conditions. Agron J 104:1459. doi:10.2134/agronj2012.0070
Ruisi P, Giambalvo D, Saia S, Di Miceli G, Frenda AS, Plaia A, Amato G (2014) Conservation tillage in a semiarid Mediterranean environment: results of 20 years of research. Ital J Agron 9:560. doi:10.4081/ija.2014.560
Ruisi P, Frangipane B, Amato G, Frenda AS, Plaia A, Giambalvo D, Saia S (2015) Nitrogen uptake and nitrogen fertilizer recovery in old and modern wheat genotypes grown in the presence or absence of interspecific competition. Front Plant Sci 6:1–10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00185
Saia S, Amato G, Frenda AS, Giambalvo D, Ruisi P (2014) Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on biomass production and nitrogen fixation of berseem clover plants subjected to water stress. PLoS One 9, e90738. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090738
SAS (2008) SAS/STAT® 9.2. User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC
Schipanski ME, Drinkwater LE (2012) Nitrogen fixation in annual and perennial legume-grass mixtures across a fertility gradient. Plant Soil 357:147–159. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1137-3
Sengul S (2003) Performance of some forage grasses or legumes and their mixtures under dry land conditions. Eur J Agron 19:401–409. doi:10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00132-6
Stout DG, Brooke B, Hall JW, Thompson DJ (1997) Forage yield and quality from intercropped barley, annual ryegrass and different annual legumes. Grass Forage Sci 52:298–308. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.1997.tb02360.x
Sulas L, Seddaiu G, Muresu R, Roggero PP (2009) Nitrogen fixation of sulla under Mediterranean conditions. Agron J 101:1470–1478. doi:10.2134/agronj2009.0151
Unkovich MJ, Baldock J, Peoples MB (2010) Prospects and problems of simple linear models for estimating symbiotic N2 fixation by crop and pasture legumes. Plant Soil 329:75–89. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0136-5
Vasilakoglou I, Dhima K (2008) Forage yield and competition indices of berseem clover intercropped with barley. Agron J 100:1749. doi:10.2134/agronj2008.0205
Vinther FP (2006) Effects of cutting frequency on plant production, N-uptake and N2 fixation in above- and below-ground plant biomass of perennial ryegrass-white clover swards. Grass Forage Sci 61:154–163. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2494.2006.00519.x
Willey RW (1979) Intercropping-its importance and research needs. Part 1. Competition and yield advantage. Field Crop Abstr 32:1–10
Willey RW, Rao MR (1980) A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops. Exp Agric 16:117. doi:10.1017/S0014479700010802
Acknowledgments
This study was funded to Fondazione A. e S. Lima Mancuso (Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy) by the Regione Sicilia (project SIFORME).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Martin Weih.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Saia, S., Urso, V., Amato, G. et al. Mediterranean forage legumes grown alone or in mixture with annual ryegrass: biomass production, N2 fixation, and indices of intercrop efficiency. Plant Soil 402, 395–407 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2837-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-2837-x