Abstract
Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system at a Chinese rice–wheat rotation field was constructed to investigate responses of rice and wheat crop growth to elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization. A factorial experiment design was set up with two levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration (350 and 550 μmol mol−1) and N application rates (LN: 150 kg N ha−1 for rice and 125 kg N ha−1 for wheat; HN: 250 kg N ha−1 for rice and wheat, respectively). Across the entire crop growing seasons, plant fractions (i.e. leaf, stem, ear and root) were differentiated at representative growth stages and analyzed using widely recognized parameters, relative growth rate (RGR) and allometric coefficient K a (RGR ratio of above ground to below ground plant biomass). The C/N ratio and phosphorus concentration of plant were also determined. Rice and wheat RGRs responded to elevated CO2 in different ways, i.e. wheat RGR was always stimulated by elevated CO2 while rice RGR seemed to be depressed between rice tillering to jointing stages. Elevated CO2 affected the plant fractions differentially. For example, rice leaf might be the most strongly affected organ by RGR analysis and by K a analysis it seems that elevated CO2 always led to higher below ground biomass (root) than above ground biomass. Besides, elevated CO2 usually resulted in a higher C/N ratio of plant due to its impact on N concentration instead of carbon. Regardless of CO2 treatment statistic analysis of rice and wheat RGR did not yield significant difference in plant growing patterns under LN and HN treatments, although LN always triggered a slightly higher C/N ratio of plant over the investigated period. Furthermore, it was generally observed that elevated CO2 could stimulate crop biomass to a greater extent under LN treatment than HN treatment. Phosphorus concentration of rice and wheat crop showed distinctive response to elevated CO2 and N constraint.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ainsworth EA, Long SP (2005) What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the response of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2. New Phytol 165:351–372
Asseng S, Jamieson PD, Kimball B, Pinterc P, Sayre K, Bowden JW, Howden SM (2004) Simulated wheat growth affected by rising temperature, increased water deficit and elevated atmospheric CO2. Field Crops Res 85:85–102
BassiriRad H, Gutschick VP, Lussenhop J (2001) Root system adjustments: regulation of plant nutrient uptake and growth responses to elevated CO2. Oecologia 126:305–320
Cardoso-Vilhena J, Barnes J (2001) Does nitrogen supply affect the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hanno) to the combination of elevated CO2 and O3? J Exp Bot 52:1901–1911
Centritto M, Lucas ME, Jarvis PG (2002) Gas exchange, biomass, whole-plant water-use efficiency and water uptake of peach (Prunus persica) seedlings in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration and water availability. Tree Physiol 22:699–706
Conroy JP, Milham PJ, Reed ML, Barlow EW (1990) Increases in phosphorus requirements for CO2-enriched pine species. Plant Physiol 92:977–982
Conroy JP, Seneweera S, Basra A, Rogers G, Nissenwooller B (1994) Influence of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations and temperature on growth, yield and grain quality of cereal crops. Aust J Plant Physiol 21:741–758
Devol AH (2002) Getting cool with nitrogen. Nature 415:131–132
Drake BG, Gonzàlez-Meler MA (1997) More efficient plants: a consequence of rising atmospheric CO2? Ann Rev. Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:609–639
Evans JR (1989) Photosynthesis and nitrogen relationships in leaves of C3 plants. Oecologia 78:9–19
Finzi AC, Delucia EH, Schlesinger WH (2004) Canopy N and P dynamics of a southeastern US pine forest under elevated CO2. Biogeochemistry 69:363–378
Groenigen KJ, Six J, Hungate BA, Graaff MA, Breemen N, Kessel CV (2006) Element interactions limit soil carbon storage. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:6571–6574
He Z, Honeycutt CW (2005) A modified molybdenum blue method for orthophosphate determination suitable for investigating enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphates. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 36(9/10):1373–1383
Hunt R, Causton DR, Shipley B, Askew AP (2002) A modern tool for classical plant growth analysis. Ann Bot 90:485–488
IPCC (2001) IPCC Third Assessment Report—Climate Change 2001. The Scientific Basis Technical Summary, Geneva
Jackson RB, Reynolds HL (1996) Nitrate and ammonium uptake for single- and mixed-species communities grown at elevated CO2. Oecologia 105:74–80
Jitla DS, Rogers GS, Seneweera SP, Basra AS, Oldfield RJ, Conroy JP (1997) Accelerated early growth of rice at elevated CO2. Is it related to developmental changes in the shoot apex? Plant Physiol 115(1):15–22
Kavanová M, Lattanzi FA, Grimoldi AA, Schnyder H (2006) Phosphorus deficiency decreases cell division and elongation in grass leaves. Plant Physiol 141:766–775
Keeling CD, Whorf TP (2003) Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ppmv) derived from in situ air samples collected at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), University of California, La Jolla, California USA 92093-0444. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/ftp/ndp001/maunaloa.CO2
Kim HY, Lieffering M, Kobayashi K, Okada M, Miura S (2003a) Seasonal changes in the effects of elevated CO2 on rice at three levels of nitrogen supply: a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. Global Change Biol 9:826–837
Kim HY, Lieffering M, Kobayashi K, Okada M, Mitchell MW, Gumpertz M (2003b) Effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and nitrogen supply on the yield of temperate paddy rice crops. Field Crops Res 83:261–270
Lieffering M, Kim HY, Kobayashi K, Okada M (2004) The impact of elevated CO2 on the elemental concentrations of field-grown rice grains. Field Crops Res 88:279–286
Liu G, Han Y, Zhu JG, Okada M, Nakamura H, Yoshimoto H (2002) Rice–wheat rotational FACE platform. I. system structure and control. Chinese J Appl Ecol 13:1253–1258 (in Chinese)
Makino A, Harada M, Sato T, Nakano H, Mae T (1997) Growth and N allocation in rice plants under CO2 enrichment. Plant Physiol 115:199–203
Mitchell JFB, Gregory JM (1992) Climatic consequences of emissions and a comparison of IS95a and SA90. In: Houghton JT, Callander BA, Varney SK (eds) Climate change. The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 173–175
Nakagawa H, Horie T (2000) Rice response to elevated CO2 and temperature. Global Environ Res 3:101–103
Norby NJ, Wullschleger SD, Gunderson CA, Johnson DW, Ceuemans R (1999) Tree response to rising CO2 in field experiments: implications for the future forest. Plant Cell Environ 22:683–714
Okada M, Lieffering M, Nakamura H, Yoshimoto M, Kim HY, Kobayashi K (2001) Free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) using pure CO2 injection: system description. New Phytol 150:251–260
Prior SA, Rogers HH, Mullins GL, Runion GB (2003) The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil P placement on cotton root deployment Plant Soil 255:179–187
Raven JA, Handley LL, Andrews M (2004) Global aspects of C/N interactions determining plant–environment interactions. J Exp Bot 55(394):11–25
Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Lee T, Ellsworth DS, West JB, Tiulman D, Knops JMH, Naeem S, Trost J (2006) Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO2. Nature 440:922–925
Seneweera SP, Conroy JP (1997) Growth, grain yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in response to elevated CO2 and phosphorus nutrition. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 43:1131–1136
Thompson GB, Woodward FJ (1994) Some influences of CO2 enrichment, nitrogen nutrition and competition on grain yield and quality in spring wheat and barley. J Exp Bot 45:937–942
Weerakoon WMW, Ingram KT, Moss DN (2000) Atmospheric carbon dioxide and fertilizer nitrogen effects on radiation interception by rice. Plant Soil 220:99–106
Wu DX, Wang GX, Bai YF, Liao JX (2004) Effects of elevated CO2 concentration on growth, water use, yield and grain quality of wheat under two soil water levels. Agric Ecosyst Environ 104:493–507
Yamakawa Y, Saigusa M, Okada M, Kobayashi K (2004) Nutrient uptake by rice and soil solution composition under atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Plant Soil 259:367–372
Zerihun A, Gutschick VP, Bassirirad H (2000) Compensatory roles of nitrogen uptake and photosynthetic N-use efficiency in determining plant growth response to elevated CO2: evaluation using a functional balance model. Ann Bot 86:723–730
Acknowledgment
The authors are greatly indebted to the staffs of Wuxi Experimental Station for running FACE system, the core platform of The Chinese Rice/Wheat FACE Project initiated by China–Japan Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement. This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, 40231003, 40571157 and 40110817), the National Key Project on Basic Sciences (grant number 2002CB714003), the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-440, KZCX2-SW-133), and the 973 Project (CCDMCTE-2002CB412502) and the Jiangsu Provincial Science Foundation (BK2006252).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ma, H., Zhu, J., Xie, Z. et al. Responses of rice and winter wheat to free-air CO2 enrichment (China FACE) at rice/wheat rotation system. Plant Soil 294, 137–146 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9241-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9241-5