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Conifer WOX-related homeodomain transcription factors, developmental consideration and expression dynamic of WOX2 during Picea abies somatic embryogenesis

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Abstract

In angiosperms, the WOX family of transcription factors has important functions in meristem regulation and in control of the partitioning of developing embryos into functional domains. In this study, a putative WOX2 homologous gene was isolated from Picea abies, and its expression pattern during somatic embryo development was followed using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We used strategies of both absolute and relative quantification of gene expression, and benefits and disadvantages of the two methods are presented and discussed. During embryogenesis, PaWOX2 expression was highest at the earliest stages of development, but low levels were also detected in seedling tissues. No PaWOX2 expression was detected in a non-embryogenic cell culture, indicating that PaWOX2 plays a fundamental role during early somatic embryo development, and can be used as a possible marker for embryogenic potential. Additional results show that conifers, like angiosperms, contain a large number of WOX-related genes, many of them expressed during embryo development. In phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced homeodomain of retrieved pine and spruce EST sequences, no conifer WUS homolog was found. Neither did we find any homeodomain to cluster with WOX5. Interestingly, a clade including only conifer sequences derived from various tissues was resolved as sister to a Physcomitrella WOX-like gene, suggestive of the early origin of this gene family. Our results thus provide basic information for further studies of the evolution of this gene family and of their function in relation to meristem dynamics and specification of stem cells in gymnosperms.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

BA:

6-Benzyladenine

CLV :

CLAVATA

HB:

Homeobox

HD:

Homeodomain

NAA:

1-Naphthalene acetic acid

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

QC:

Quiescent centre

RAM:

Root apical meristem

SAM:

Shoot apical meristem

WOX :

WUS homeobox

WUS :

WUSCHEL

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Acknowledgements

The support from the University of Kalmar is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82, Kalmar, Sweden

    Joakim Palovaara & Inger Hakman

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  1. Joakim Palovaara
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  2. Inger Hakman
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Correspondence to Inger Hakman.

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Palovaara, J., Hakman, I. Conifer WOX-related homeodomain transcription factors, developmental consideration and expression dynamic of WOX2 during Picea abies somatic embryogenesis. Plant Mol Biol 66, 533–549 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-008-9289-5

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