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The chimeric cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel ATCNGC11/12 constitutively induces programmed cell death in a Ca2+ dependent manner

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Abstract

The hypersensitive response (HR) involves programmed cell death (PCD) in response to pathogen infection. To investigate the pathogen resistance signaling pathway, we previously identified the Arabidopsis mutant cpr22, which displays constitutive activation of multiple defense responses including HR like cell death. The cpr22 mutation has been identified as a 3 kb deletion that fuses two cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel (CNGC)-encoding genes, ATCNGC11 and ATCNGC12, to generate a novel chimeric gene, ATCNGC11/12. In this study, we conducted a characterization of cell death induced by transient expression of ATCNGC11/12 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Electron microscopic analysis of this cell death showed similar characteristics to PCD, such as plasma membrane shrinkage and vesicle formation. The hallmark of animal PCD, fragmentation of nuclear DNA, was also observed in ATCNGC11/12-induced cell death. The development of cell death was significantly suppressed by caspase-1 inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of caspases in this process. Recently, vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) was isolated as the first plant caspase-like protein, which is involved in HR development. In VPE-silenced plants development of cell death induced by ATCNGC11/12 was much slower and weaker compared to control plants, suggesting the involvement of VPE as a caspase in ATCNGC11/12-induced cell death. Complementation analysis using a Ca2+ uptake deficient yeast mutant demonstrated that the ATCNGC11/12 channel is permeable to Ca2+. Additionally, calcium channel blockers such as GdCl3 inhibited ATCNGC11/12-induced HR formation, whereas potassium channel blockers did not. Taken together, these results indicate that the cell death that develops in the cpr22 mutant is indeed PCD and that the chimeric channel, ATCNGC11/12, is at the point of, or up-stream of the calcium signal necessary for the development of HR.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Dinesh-Kumar for providing us with the VIGS system. We also give thanks to Dr. E. Lam and Dr. N. Watanabe for insightful suggestions and Dr. N. Dengler for fruitful discussions. For effective advice and help on microscopic analysis, we would like to thank to Dr. A. Bruce and Mrs. K. Sault. This research has been supported by National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Canadian Foundation of Innovation (CFI) and Ontario Research Fund (ORF) for K.Y, Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) for W.U and NSF award 0344141 for G.B.

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  1. Arunika H. L. A. N. Gunawardena

    Present address: Biology Department, Life Science Center, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4J1

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2

    William Urquhart, Arunika H. L. A. N. Gunawardena, Wolfgang Moeder & Keiko Yoshioka

  2. Center for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function (CAGEF), University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 3B2

    William Urquhart, Wolfgang Moeder & Keiko Yoshioka

  3. Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

    Rashid Ali & Gerald A. Berkowitz

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Urquhart, W., Gunawardena, A.H.L.A.N., Moeder, W. et al. The chimeric cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel ATCNGC11/12 constitutively induces programmed cell death in a Ca2+ dependent manner. Plant Mol Biol 65, 747–761 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-007-9239-7

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