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The Arabidopsis AtDi19 Gene Family Encodes a Novel Type of Cys2/His2 Zinc-finger Protein Implicated in ABA-independent Dehydration, High-salinity Stress and Light Signaling Pathways

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Abstract

The AtDi19 (drought-induced) gene family encodes seven hydrophilic proteins that contain two atypical Cys2/His2 (C2H2) zinc finger-like domains that are evolutionarily well-conserved within angiosperms suggesting a conserved and important function. Five of the seven Arabidopsis AtDi19-related:DsRed2 fusion proteins exhibited speckled patterns of localization within the nucleus as shown by transient expression analysis in Arabidopsis protoplasts. In contrast, AtDi19-2:DsRed2 was present in the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas AtDi19-4:DsRed2 was localized to the nuclear periphery. mRNA expression studies showed that AtDi19 genes are ubiquitously expressed in Arabidopsis tissues, although some differences were observed. In seedlings, RT-PCR analyses showed that AtDi19-1 and AtDi19-3 steady-state transcript amounts were rapidly induced by dehydration, whereas transcript amounts for AtDi19-2 and AtDi19-4 increased in response to high-salt stress. In addition, the mRNA abundance of all the AtDi19-related gene family members was not regulated by ABA. These data, taken together, suggest that several AtDi19-related gene family members may function in ABA-independent, dehydration and salinity stress signaling pathways. However, they may also be regulated by other abiotic stimuli. AtDi19-7, for example, has been implicated in regulating light signaling and responses. Finally, we show that most AtDi19-related proteins are phosphorylated in vitro by calcium-dependent protein kinases suggesting that this post-translational modification may be important for regulating the function of this novel protein family.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

abscisic acid

ACN:

acetonitrile

AP2:

APETALA2

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

BSA:

bovine serum albumin

CBF:

C-repeat binding factor

Di:

drought-induced

DREB:

DRE binding protein

DTT:

dithiolthreitol

EST:

expressed sequence tag

HEPES:

N-2-hydroxyethyl piperazine-N′-2-ethane sulfonic acid

IPTG:

isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside

ORF:

open reading frame

MALDI-TOF:

matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight

MES:

morpholinoethane sulfonic acid

MS:

mass spectrometry

NCBI:

National Center for Biotechnology Information

NLS:

nuclear localization signal

PEG:

polyethylene glycol

PVP:

polyvinylpyrollidone

RT-PCR:

reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

SDS–PAGE:

sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

TFA:

trifluoroacetic acid

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0014, USA

    Miguel A. Rodriguez Milla, Jared Townsend, Ing-Feng Chang & John C. Cushman

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  1. Miguel A. Rodriguez Milla
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  2. Jared Townsend
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  3. Ing-Feng Chang
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  4. John C. Cushman
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Correspondence to John C. Cushman.

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This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation grant no. MCB-0114769, and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, and is published as publication no. 03056077 of the University of Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Milla, M.A.R., Townsend, J., Chang, IF. et al. The Arabidopsis AtDi19 Gene Family Encodes a Novel Type of Cys2/His2 Zinc-finger Protein Implicated in ABA-independent Dehydration, High-salinity Stress and Light Signaling Pathways. Plant Mol Biol 61, 13–30 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-5798-7

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