Skip to main content
Log in

Creating a Space for Spiritual Practice: Pastoral Possibilities with Sexual Minorities

  • Published:
Pastoral Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Is a religious gay person an oxymoron? It appears possible, given that the research on religion and spirituality among sexual minority individuals is so limited. While books written on the intersection of religion and psychotherapy may include a chapter addressing the religious and spiritual lives of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals, there are no critical texts focusing solely on this issue. In this paper, we review some of the most recent research on homosexuality, religion, and spirituality, and discuss how LGB individuals may integrate these two identities. A case presentation is offered and implications for pastoral counselors and methods of supporting the integration of the spiritual/religious identity in tandem with a LGB identity are also discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen, D. J., & Oleson, T. (1999). Shame and internalized homophobia in gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 37, 33–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barret, R., & Barzan, R. (1996). Spiritual experience of gay men and lesbians. Counseling and Values, 41, 4–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, A. R. (1979). Cognitive therapy for depression. NY: Guilford.

  • Beckstead, L. (2001). Cures versus choices: Agendas in sexual reorientation therapy. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 5, 87–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, A. (2000). Straight therapists working with lesbians gays in the family therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 46, 443–454.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boswell, J. (1980). Christianity, social tolerance, and homosexuality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, D. D. (1990). The feeling good handbook. NY: Penguin Putnam.

  • Chandler, C. K., Miner Holden, J., & Kolander, C. A. (1992). Counseling for spiritual wellness: Theory and practice. Journal of Counseling and Development, 71(2), 168–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. M., Brown, J. C., & Hochstein, L. M. (1990). Institutional religion and gay/lesbian oppression. In F. W. Bozett & M. B. Sussman (Eds.), Homosexuality and family relations (pp. 265–284). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Augelli, A. R. (1994). Identity development and sexual orientation: Toward a model of lesbian, gay, and bisexual development. In E. J. Trickett, R. J. Watts, & D. Birman (Eds.), Human diversity: Perspective on people in context (pp. 312–333). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, M. G. (2000). Religion and spirituality. In R. M. Perez, K. A. DeBord, & K. J. Bieschke (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients (pp. 409–433). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • De la Huerta, C. (1999). Coming out spiritually: The next steps. New York: Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dworkin, S. H. (1997). Female, lesbian and Jewish: Complex and invisible. In B. Greene (Ed.), Ethnic and cultural diversity among lesbians and gay men (pp. 63–87). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, L., & Wagemann, B. M. (1993). The religiosity of mothers and their offspring as related to the offspring’s sex and sexual orientation. Adolescence, 28, 227–234.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, G. G. (1995). Race, religious involvement and depressive symptomatology in a southeastern U.S. community. Social Science and Medicine, 40, 1561–1572.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fassinger, R. E. (2000). Applying counseling theories to lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients: Possibilities and pitfalls. In R. Perez, K. DeBord, & K. Bieschke (Eds.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbians, gays, and bisexual clients (pp.107–132). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Folayan, A. (1992). African-American issues: The soul of it. In H. B. Earhart (Ed.), Religious traditions of the world. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame, M. W. (2003). Integrating religion and spirituality into counseling: A comprehensive approach. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, L. K., Larson, D., Koenig, H., & McCullough, M. (2000). Spirituality and health: What we know and what we need to know. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 102–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gock, T. (1992). Asian-Pacific Islander issue: Identity integration and pride. In B. Berzon (Ed.), Positively gay: New approaches to gay and lesbian life (pp. 247–252). Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwill, K. A. (2000). Religion and the spiritual needs of gay Mormon men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services: Issues in Practice, Policy & Research, 11(4), 23–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, B. (1994). Ethnic minority lesbians and gay men: Mental health and treatment issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 243–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haldeman, D. C. (1996). Spirituality and religion in the lives of lesbians and gay men. In R. P. Cabaj & T. S. Stein (Eds.), Textbook of homosexuality and mental health (pp. 881–896). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helminiak, D. A. (1996). The human core of spirituality: Mind as psyche and spirit. Albany: SUNY Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herek, G. M. (1987). Religious orientation and prejudice: A comparison of racial an sexual attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13, 34–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heyward, C. (1984). Our passion for justice: Images of power, sexuality and liberation. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2003). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality. American Psychologist, 58, 64–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horne, S. G., & Noffsinger-Frazier, N. (2003). Reconciling religion/spirituality with sexual identity. In J. Whitman (Ed.), The therapists’ notebook for lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients (pp. 202–209). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Israel, T., Ketz, K., Detrie, P., Burke, M., & Shulman, J. L. (2003). Identifying counselor competencies for working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 7(4), 74–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lease, S. H., Horne, S. G., & Noffsinger-Frazier, N. (2005). Affirming faith experiences and psychological health for Caucasian lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 378–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, J. S., Markides, K. S, & Ray, L. A. (1996). Religious attendance and psychological well-being of Mexican Americans: A panel analysis of three-generations data. The Gerontologist, 36, 454–463.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Love, P. G. (1997). Contradiction and paradox: Attempting to change the culture of sexual orientation at a small Catholic college. The Review of Higher Education, 20(4), 381–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, P. G. (2002). Spiritual development and cognitive development: Theoretical comparisons. Journal of College Student Development, 43(3), 357–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Love, P. G., Bock, M., Jannarone, A., & Richardson, P. (2005). Identity interaction: Exploring the spiritual experiences of lesbian and gay college students. Journal of College Student Development, 46(2), 193–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, B. (1996). Religious and spirituality conflicts. In D. Davies & C. Neal (Eds.), Pink therapy: A guide for counselors and therapists working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients (pp. 199–207). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarn, S. R., & Fassinger, R. E. (1996). Revisioning sexual minority identity formation. The Counseling Psychologist, 24, 508–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, M. (2000). As a pious churchgoer, Stuart Matis prayed and worked to change his sexual orientation. He died trying. Newsweek, 38–39, May 8.

  • Miller, W. M., & Thoresen, C. E. (2003). Spirituality, religion, and health: An emerging research field. American Psychologist, 58, 24–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nugent, R., & Gramick, J. (1989). Homosexuality: Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish issues: A fishbone tail. In R. Hasbany (Ed.), Homosexuality and religion (pp. 7–46). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pachankis, J., & Goldfried, M. (2004) Clinical issues in working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 41(3) 227–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, S. (2000). Big questions, worthy dreams. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, K. Y., & O’Neill, G. W. (1995). Moving through loss: The spiritual journey of gay men and lesbian women. In M. T. Burke & J. G. Miranti (Eds.), Counseling: The spiritual dimension (pp. 126–141). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, K. Y., & Terndrup, A. I. (2002). Handbook of affirmative psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, E. M., & Ouellette, S. C. (2000). Gay and lesbian Christians: Homosexual and religious identity integration in the members and participants of a gay positive church. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39, 333–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosario, M., Scrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2004). Ethnic/racial difference in the coming-out process of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths: A comparison of sexual identity development over time. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10(3), 215–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, C. E. (1990). Religion and psychological distress. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 29, 236–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (1995). Lesbian, gay male, and bisexual adolescents. In A. R. D’Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 165–189). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schow, W. (1997). Homosexuality, Mormon doctrine, and Christianity: A father’s perspective. In G. D. Comstock & S. E. Henking (Eds.), Que(e)rying religion: A critical anthology (pp. 255–264). New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuck, K. D., & Liddle, B. J. (2001). Religious conflicts experiences by lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy, 5(2), 63–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, V. (1996). Subjugated knowledge and the working alliance: The narratives of Russian Jewish immigrants. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 1, 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shidlo, A. (1994). Internalized homophobia: Conceptual and empirical issues in measurement. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research and clinical application (pp. 176–205). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Struzzo, J. A. (1989). Pastoral counseling and homosexuality. In R. Hasbany (Ed.), Homosexuality and religion (pp. 195–221). New York: Haworth Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szymanski, D. M., Chung, Y. B., & Balsam, K. F. (2001). Psychosocial correlates of internalized homophobia in lesbians. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 27–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Umansky, E. M. (1997). Jewish attitudes toward homosexuality: A review of contemporary sources. In G. D. Comstock & S. E. Henking (Eds.) Que(e)rying religion: A critical anthology (pp. 181–187). New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, M. (1997). Tongues untied: Memoirs of a Pentecostal boyhood. In G. D. Comstock & S. E. Henking (Eds.), Que(e)rying religion (pp. 223–231). New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., Cole, B., Rey, M. S., Butter, E. M., Belavich, T. G., et al. (1997). Religion and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36, 549–564.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marsha I. Wiggins.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Heermann, M., Wiggins, M.I. & Rutter, P.A. Creating a Space for Spiritual Practice: Pastoral Possibilities with Sexual Minorities. Pastoral Psychol 55, 711–721 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-007-0085-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-007-0085-y

Keywords

Navigation