Abstract
This research paper aims to study the carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of the SiPcCl2 thin film. To achieve this, Au/silicon phthalocyanine dichloride (SiPcCl2)/p-Si/Al heterojunction device was prepared. The heterojunction microelectronic parameters such as ideality factor, m and reverse current Is were estimated at room temperature and found to be 6.77 and 408 nA respectively. The series resistance Rs of the fabricated device was also calculated. Two mechanisms were deduced in SiPcCl2/p-Si according to the voltage range. The results revealed that the height of effective barrier \(\varphi_{bi}\) is clearly increased from 0.71 to 0.80 eV. Moreover, the photovoltaic properties of Au/SiPcCl2/p-Si/Al cell were studied under illumination such as the short circuit current, Isc, open circuit voltage, Voc, maximum current IM, maximum voltage, VM, filling factor FF and power conversion efficiency, η were measured to be 0.59 mA, 0.47 V, 0.44 mA, and 0.24 V, 0.40 and 3.7% respectively. The topographical properties of the SiPcCl2 thin film deposited on the flat glass substrate were investigated using atomic force microscope method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abd El-Khalek, H., Abd-El Salam, M., Amin, F.: Fabrication and characterization of dual-band organic/inorganic photodetector for optoelectronic applications. Curr. Appl. Phys. 19, 629–638 (2019)
Abdel-Khalek, H., Shalaan, E., Abd-El Salam, M., El-Mahalawy, A.M.: Effect of illumination intensity on the characteristics of Cu(acac)2/n-Si photodiode. Synth. Metals 245, 223–236 (2018)
Ahmed, M., Karimov, K., Moiz, S.: Temperature-dependent I–V characteristics of organic-inorganic heterojunction diodes. Trans. Electron. 51, 121–126 (2004)
Antohe, S., Tomozeiu, N., Gogonea, S.: Properties of the organic-on-inorganic semiconductor barrier contact diodes In/PTCDI/p-Si and Ag/CuPc/p-Si. Phys. State Solidi (a) 125, 397–408 (1991)
Atmaca, G., Dizman, C., Eren, T., Erdoğmuş, A.: Novel axially carborane-cage substituted silicon phthalocyanine photosensitizer; synthesis, characterization and photophysicochemical properties. Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 137, 244–249 (2015)
Aubry, V., Meyer, F.: Schottky diodes with high series resistance: limitations of forward I–V methods. J. Appl. Phys. 76(12), 7973–7978 (1994)
Bhushan, B.: Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer, Berlin (2004)
Chen, H., Hou, J., Zhang, S., Liang, Y., Yang, G., Yang, Y., Yu, L., Wu, Y., Li, G.: Polymer solar cells with enhanced open-circuit voltage and efficiency. Nat. Photon. 3, 649–653 (2009)
Cifci, O., Bakir, M., Meyer, J., Kocyigit, A.: Morphological and electrical properties of ATSP/p-Si photodiode. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 74, 175–182 (2018)
Dalkılıç, Z., Lee, C., Choi, H., Nar, I., Yavuz, N., Burat, A.: Tetra and octa substituted Zn(II) and Cu(II) phthalocyanines:Synthesis, characterization and investigation as hole-transporting materials for inverted type-perovskite solar cells. J. Organometall. Chem. 922, 121419–121427 (2020)
Darwish, A., El-Shazly, E., Attia, A., AbdEl-Rahman, K.: Dark electrical properties and photovoltaic performance of organic/inorganic (SnPcCl2/p-Si) solar cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater Electron 27, 8786–8795 (2016)
El-Mallah, H., Abd-El Salam, M., Elesh, E., El-Damhogi, D.: Thermal annealing effect on the structural and optical characteristics of silicon phthalocyanine dichloride thin films. Optik 200, 163459–163469 (2020)
Elminshawy, N., El Ghandour, M., Gad, H., El-Damhogi, D., El-Nahhas, K., Addas, M.: The performance of a buried heat exchanger system for PV panel cooling under elevated air temperatures. Geothermics 82, 7–15 (2019a)
Elminshawy, N., El-Ghandour, M., Elhenawy, Y., Bassyouni, M., El-Damhogi, D., Addas, M.: Experimental investigation of a V-trough PV concentrator integrated with a buried water heat exchanger cooling system. Solar Energy 193, 706–715 (2019b)
El-Nahass, M., Zeyada, H., Aziz, M., Makhlouf, M.: Current transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of tetraphenylporphyrin/n-type silicon heterojunction solar cell. Thin Solid Films 492, 290–297 (2005a)
El-Nahass, M., Abd-El-Rahman, K., Farag, A., Darwish, A.: Photovoltaic properties of NiPc/p-Si (organic/inorganic) heterojunctions. Organ. Electron. 6, 129–136 (2005b)
El-Nahass, M., Zeyada, H., Aziz, M., El-Ghamaz, N.: Carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of Au/p-ZnPc/p-Si solar cell. Solid-State Electron. 49, 1314–1319 (2005c)
El-Nahass, M., Farid, A., Farag, A., Ali, H.: Carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic characteristics of p-H2Pc/n-Si heterojunctions. Vacuum 81, 8–12 (2006)
El-Nahass, M., El-Metwally, M., Farag, A.M., Menshawy, S., Abu-Samaha, F., Elesh, E.: Electrical and photovoltaic properties of CuTPP/si-p organic-inorganic hybrid heterojunction. Appl. Phys. 6, 22–29 (2014)
Forrest, S.: Organic-inorganic semiconductor devices and 3, 4, 9, 10 perylenes tetracarboxylic dianhydride: an early history of organic electronics. J. Phys.: Conden. Matter 15, S2599 (2003)
Forrest, S., Kalplan, M., Schmidty, P.: Organic-on-inorganic semiconductor contact barrier diodes. I. Theory with applications to organic thin films and prototype devices. J. Appl. Phys. 55, 543–548 (1984)
Gerischer, H., Michel, M., Rebentrost, E., Tributsch, H.: Sensitization of charge injection into semiconductors with large band gap. Electrochim Acta 13, 1509–1515 (1968)
Günes, S., Serdar Sariciftci, N.: Hybrid solar cell. Inorgan. Chim. Acta 361, 581–588 (2008)
Guo, J., Bai, Z., Meng, X., Sun, M., Song, J., Shen, Z., Ma, N., Chen, Z., Zhang, F.: Novel dopant-free metallophthalocyanines based hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells: The effect of core metal on photovoltaic performance. Solar Energy 155, 121–129 (2017)
Jehl, Z., Bouttemy, M., Lincot, D., Guillemoles, J., Gerard, I., Etcheberry, A., Voorwinden, G., Powalla, M., Naghavi, N.: Insights on the influence of surface roughness on photovoltaic properties of state of the art copper indium gallium diselenide thin films solar cells. J. Appl. Phys. 111, 114509–114514 (2012)
Jyothi, I., Yang, H., Shim, K., Janardhanam, V., Kang, S., Hong, H., Choi, C.: Temperature dependency of schottky barrier parameters of ti schottky contacts to si-on-insulator. Mater. Trans. 54, 1655–1660 (2013)
Kao, P., Chu, S., You, Z., Liou, S., Chuang, C.: Improved efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes using CoPc buffer layer. Thin Solid Films 498, 249–253 (2006)
Khan, S., Kaur, M., Heflin, J., Sayyad, M.: Fabrication and characterization of ZnTPP:PCBM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 72, 1430–1435 (2011)
Lampert, M.: Volume-controlled current injection in insulators. Rep. Prog. Phys. 27, 329–367 (1964)
Lessard, B., White, R., Al-Amar, M., Plint, T., Castrucci, J., Josey, D., Lu, Z., Bender, T.: Assessing the potential roles of silicon and germanium phthalocyanines in planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices and how pentafluoro phenoxylation can enhance π-π interactions and device performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(9), 5076–5088 (2015)
Lien, S., Cho, Y., Shao, Y., Hsu, C., Tsou, C., Yan, W., Han, P., Wuu, D.: Influence of surface morphology on the effective lifetime and performance of silicon heterojunction solar cell. Int. J. Photoenergy 2015, 1–8 (2015)
Mart, L., Gomis, N., Ruiz, F., Thomas, M., Fern, F., D’Souza, F., Sastre-Santos, A.: Multichromophoric perylenediimide–silicon phthalocyanine–C60 system as an artificial photosynthetic analogue. Chem. Eur. J. 23, 3863–3874 (2017)
Milliron, D., Gur, I., Alivisatos, A.: Hybrid organic-nanocrystal solar cells. MRS Bull. 30, 41–44 (2005)
Nawar, A., Abd El-Salam, M., El-Mahalawy, A., El-Nahass, M.M.: Analyzed electrical performance and induced interface passivation of fabricated Al/NTCDA/p-Si MIS–Schottky heterojunction. Appl. Phys. A 126, 113–130 (2020)
Norde, H.: A modified forward I–V plot for Schottky diodes with high series resistance. J. Appl. Phys. 50, 5052–5058 (1979)
Ömeroğlu, İ., Kaya, E., Göksel, M., Kussovski, V., Mantareva, V., Durmuş, M.: Synthesis of new axial substituted silicon (IV) phthalocyanine compounds, their photophysicochemical properties and investigation of their activity against bacterial pathogens. Chemistry 25, 5415–5422 (2017)
Radziemska, E.: Effect of temperature on dark current characteristics of silicon solar cells and diodes. Int. J. Energy Res. 30, 127–134 (2006)
Ray, A., Gupta, S., Yakhmi, J.: Nuclear detectors based on n-silicon/copper–phthalocyanine heterojunctions. Radiat. Meas. 44(1), 47–49 (2009)
Remaki, B., Guillaud, G., Mayes, D.: Space charge analysis in doped zinc phthalocyanine thin films. Opt. Mater. 9, 240–244 (1998)
Riad, A.: Dark and photoelectric conversion properties of p-MgPc/n-Si (Organic/Inorganic) heterojunction cells. Thin Solid Films 370, 253–257 (2000)
Rostalski, J., Meissner, D.: Monochromatic versus solar efficiencies of organic solar cells Photocurrent spectroscopy for the investigation of charge carrier generation and transport mechanism in organic p/n-junction solar cells. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 61, 87–95 (2000)
Roy, M., Kumar, M., Jaiswal, P., Sharma, G.: Investigation of iron (II) phthalocyanine based schottky device as gamma radiation sensor. Radiat. Meas. 38, 205–209 (2004)
Sato, K., Yasumura, Y.: Study of forward I–V plot for Schottky diodes with high series resistance. J. Appl. Phys. 58, 3655–3661 (1985)
Sawant, S.: The properties and advantages of the hybrid solar Cell. Int. Res. J. Sci. Eng. 5, 19–25 (2018)
Shafai, T., Anthopoulos, T.: Junction properties of nickel phthalocyanine thin film devices utilising indium injecting electrodes. Thin Solid Films 398–399, 361–367 (2001)
Shah, M., Sayyad, M., Karimov, K.: Electrical characterization of the organic semiconductor Ag/CuPc/Au Schottky diode. J. Semicond. 32(4), 44001–44006 (2011)
Shen, X., Zheng, B., Huang, X., Wang, L., Huang, J.: The first silicon(iv) phthalocyanine–nucleoside conjugates with high photodynamic activity. Dalton Trans. 42, 10398–10403 (2013)
Sirringhaus, H., Kawase, T., Friend, R., Shimoda, T., Inbasekaran, M., Wu, W., Woo, E.: High-resolution inkjet printing of all-polymer transistor circuits. Science 290, 2123–2126 (2000)
Soliman, H., Farag, A., Khosifan, N., El-Nahass, M.: Electrical transport mechanisms and photovoltaic characterization of cobalt phthalocyanine on silicon heterojunctions. Thin Solid Films 516, 8678–8683 (2008)
Sze, S.: Physics of Semiconductor Devices, p. 812. Wiley, New York (1969)
Tatar, B., Demiroğlu, D., Urgenb, M.: Structure and photovoltaic properties of Ag/p-CuPc/a-Si/c-Si/Ag organic–inorganic hybrid heterojunction fabricated by chemical spray pyrolysis technique. Microelectron. Eng. 108, 150–157 (2013)
Yanagi, H., Kataura, H., Ueda, Y.: Improved photovoltaic properties for Au/AlPcCl/n-Si solar cells with morphology-controlled AlPcCl deposition. J. Appl. Phys. 75, 568–573 (1994)
Yildirim, G., Akdogan, M., Varilci, A., Terzioglu, C.: Role of annealing environment and partial pressure on structure and optical performance of TiO2 thin films fabricated by RF sputter method. Crystal Res. Technol. 45, 1161–1165 (2010)
Yildirim, G., Bal, S., Yucel, E., Dogruer, M., Akdogan, M., Varilci, A., Terzioglu, C.: Effect of mn addition on structural and superconducting properties of (Bi, Pb)-2223 superconducting ceramics. J. Supercond. Novel Magn. 25, 381–390 (2012)
Yuan, Z.: A photodiode with high rectification ratio and low turn-on voltage based on ZnO nanoparticles and SubPc planar heterojunction. Phys. E: Low-dimensional Syst. Nanostruct. 56, 160–164 (2014)
Zawodzki, M., Resel, R., Sferrazza, M., Kettner, O., Friedel, B.: Interfacial morphology and “effects on device performance of organic bilayer heterojunction solar cells”. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(30), 16161–16168 (2015)
Zeyada, H., El-Nahass, M., El-Menyawy, E.: Fabrication and transport mechanisms of 2-(2,3-dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-ylimino)-2-(4 nitrophenyl)acetonitrile/p-silicon hybrid solar cell. Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 92, 1586–1592 (2008)
Zeyada, H., El-Gammal, M., ElBatrawy, O., Omar, B.: Gamma-ray sensor based on an iron chloride tetraphenyl porphyrin/p-silicon heterojunction diode. Phys. Scripta 86, 065801–065809 (2012)
Zeyada, H., El-Nahass, M., El-Menyawy, E., El-Sawah, A.: Electrical and photovoltaic characteristics of indium phthalocyanine chloride/p-Si solar cell. Synth. Metals 207, 46–53 (2015)
Zhang, P.: Effects of surface roughness on electrical contact, RF heating and field enhancement. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Michigan, USA (2012)
Zu, Y., He, C., Liu, D., Chen, L.: Synthesis of hybrid structures based on metal phthalocyanines/graphene oxide towards nonlinear optical applications. Dyes Pigm. 173, 107841–107852 (2020)
Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge the support of this research that is provide by Port-Said University.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
El-Damhogi, D.G., El-Mallah, H.M., el-Salam, M.A. et al. Fabrication, carrier transport mechanisms and photovoltaic properties of Au/silicon phthalocyanine dichloride/p-Si/Al heterojunction device. Opt Quant Electron 52, 429 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02546-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02546-8