Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

An interior point technique for solving bilevel programming problems

  • Published:
Optimization and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper deals with bilevel programs with strictly convex lower level problems. We present the theoretical basis of a kind of necessary and sufficient optimality conditions that involve a single-level mathematical program satisfying the linear independence constraint qualification. These conditions are obtained by replacing the inner problem by their optimality conditions and relaxing their inequality constraints. An algorithm for the bilevel program, based on a well known technique for classical smooth constrained optimization, is also studied. The algorithm obtains a solution of this problem with an effort similar to that required by a classical well-behaved nonlinear constrained optimization problem. Several illustrative problems which include linear, quadratic and general nonlinear functions and constraints are solved, and very good results are obtained for all cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aiyoshi E, Shimizu K (1984) A solution method for the static Stackelberg problem via penalty method. IEEE Trans Autom Control 29:1111–1114

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Anitescu M (2000) On solving mathematical programs with complementarity as nonlinear programs. Tech rep, Argone National Laboratories, Illinois, 60439

  • Anitescu M (2005) Global convergence of an elastic mode approach for a class of mathematical programs with complementarity constraints. SIAM 16:120–145

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Anitescu M, Tseng P, Wright SJ (2007) Elastic-mode algorithms for mathematical programs with constraints: global convergence and stationarity properties. Math Program 110:337–371

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bard J (1984) Optimality conditions for the bilevel programming problem. Nav Res Logist Q 31:13–24

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bazaraa M, Sherali H, Shetty C (1993) Nonlinear programming: theory and algorithms. Wiley, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bi Z, Calamai P, Conn A (1989) An exact penalty function approach for the linear bilevel programming problem. Tech rep, University of Waterloo, Department of Systems Design Engineering

  • Calamai P, Vicente L (1994) Generating quadratic bilevel programming test problems. ACM Trans Math Softw 20:103–119

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Florian M (1991) The nonlinear bilevel programming problem: a general formulation and optimality conditions. Tech rep, Centre de Recherche sur les Transports

  • Dempe S (2002) Foundations of bilevel programming. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Dempe S (2003) Annotated bibliography on bilevel programming and mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. Optimization 52:333–359

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Dempe S, Dutta J (2010) Is bilevel programming a special case of a mathematical program with complementarity constraints? Math Program (Online), pp 1–12 (to appear)

  • Edmunds E, Bard J (1991) Algorithm for nonlinear bilevel mathematical programs. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern 21:83–89

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Ferris MC, Pang JS (1997) Engineering and economic applications of complementary problems. SIAM Rev 39:669–713

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher R, Leyffer S (2004) Solving mathematical program with complementarity constraints as nonlinear programs. Optim Methods Softw 19:15–40

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher R, Leyffer S, Ralph D, Scholtes S (2006) Local convergence of SQP methods for mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. SIAM J Optim 17:259–286

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Friesz TL, Tobin RL, Cho HJ, Mehta NJ (1990) Sensitivity analysis based heuristic algorithms for mathematical programs with variational inequality constraints. Math Program 48:265–284

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Herskovits J (1998) Feasible direction interior-point technique for nonlinear optimization. J Optim Theory Appl 99:121–146

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Herskovits J, Leontiev A, Santos G (1997) A mathematical programming algorithm for optimal design of elastic solids in contact. In: Gutkowski W, Mroz Z (eds) 2nd world congress of structural and multidisciplinary optimization, WCSMO-2, Zakopane, Poland, vol 1, pp 67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Herskovits J, Leontiev A, Dias G, Santos G (2000) Contact shape optimization: a bilevel programming approach. Struct Multidiscip Optim 20:214–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leontiev A, Herskovits J (1997) New optimality conditions and algorithm for Stackelberg-Cournot-Nash equilibria. In: Proceedings of the “46° Seminário Brasileiro de Análise”, vol SBA-46, pp 801–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyffer S, Lopez-Calva G, Nocedal J (2006) Interior methods for mathematical programs with complementarity constraints. SIAM J Optim 17:52–77

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Luenberger DG (1984) Linear and nonlinear programming, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Luo ZQ, Pang JS, Ralph D (1996) Mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Raghunathan AU, Biegler L (2005) An interior point method for mathematical programs with complementarity constraints. SIAM J Optim 15(3):720–750

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Savard G, Gauvin J (1994) The steepest descent method for the nonlinear bilevel programming problem. Oper Res Lett 15:275–282

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Scheel H, Scholtes S (2000) Mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints: stationarity, optimality, and sensitivity. Math Oper Res 25:1–22

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Scholtes S, Stöhr M (2001) How stringent is the linear independence assumption for mathematical programs with stationarity constraints? Math Oper Res 26:851–863

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu K, Ishizuka Y, Bard JF (1997) Nondifferentiable and two-level mathematical programming. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tobin R (1992) Uniqueness results and algorithm for Stackelberg-Cournot-Nash equilibria. Ann Oper Res 34:21–36

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente L, Savard G, Júdice J (1994) Descent approaches for quadratic bilevel programming. J Optim Theory Appl 81:379–399

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente LN, Calamai PH (1994) Bilevel and multilevel programming: A bibliography review. J Glob Optim 5:291–306

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ye J, Zhu D (1993) Optimality conditions for bilevel programming problem. Tech rep, University of Victoria, Department of Mathematics and Statistics

  • Ye J, Zhu D, Zhu Q (1993) Generalized bilevel programming problems. Tech rep, University of Victoria, Department of Mathematics and Statistics

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank to CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil) and FAPERJ (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) for the support provided to this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mario Tanaka Filho.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Herskovits, J., Tanaka Filho, M. & Leontiev, A. An interior point technique for solving bilevel programming problems. Optim Eng 14, 381–394 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-012-9192-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11081-012-9192-4

Keywords

Navigation