Abstract
Expert valuation, a process used to determine how much stakeholders value eco-system aspects, places experts as intermediaries for public-preference input into the environmental policy process. While the rise and refinement of expert valuation might capture ecosystem values more comprehensively, two dilemmas are also worth of consideration: (1) will expert valuation and benefit cost analysis supplant democratic expression; and (2) will refinement of expert valuation still leave the ecosystem under valued? This article reorients the current problem from focusing on the need to refine methods to capture more ecosystem benefits to consider how valuation can contribute to a set of more democratic processes that allow the public to contribute to and consider a broader range of policy options.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armytage, W. H. G. (1965). The Rise of the Technocrats: A Social History. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Arrow, K. J., M. L. Cropper, G. C. Eads, R. W. Hahn, L. B. Lave, R. G. Noll, P. R. Portney, M. Russell, R. Schmalensee, V. K. Smith, and R. N. Stavins (1996). ‘Is there a role for benefit-cost analysis in environmental, health, and safety regulation?,’ Science 272: 221–222.
Bateman, I. J. and K. G. Willis (1999). Valuing Environmental Preferences: Theory and Practice of the Contingent Valuation Method in the US, EU, and Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press.
Brunner, R. D. and W. Ascher (1992). ‘Science and social responsibility,’ Policy Sciences 25: 295–331.
Brunner, R. D. (1997). ‘Introduction to the policy sciences,’ Policy Sciences 30: 191–215.
Bullard, R. (1990). ‘Ecological inequities and the New South: Black communities under siege,’ Journal of Ethnic Studies 17: 101–115.
Carson, R. T., T. Groves and M. J. Machina (2000). ‘Incentive and informational properties of preference questions,’ http://weber.ucsd.edu/∼rcarson/. Accessed August 29, 2005.
Carson, R. T., N. E. Flores and N. Meade (2001). ‘Contingent valuation: Controversies and evidence,’ Environmental and Resource Economics 19: 173–210.
Christoforou, T. (2004). ‘The precautionary principle, risk assessment, and the comparative role of science in the European community and the US legal systems,’ in Norman J. Vig and Michael G. Gaure, eds., Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United State and the European Union. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, pp. 17–52.
Deacon, R. and P. Shapiro (1975). ‘Private preference for public goods revealed through voting on referenda,’ American Economic Review 65: 943–955.
Defenders of Wildlife (2005). ‘A bibliography of economic valuation literature,’ Conservation Economics Program http://64.233.187.104/search?q = cache:IuGeebgUn9AJ:www.biodiversitypartners.org/econ/images/Defenders%2520of%2520Wildlife%2520Economic%2520Valuation%2520Bibliography_03-05.pdf+bibliography+%22ecosystem+valuation%22&hl = en. Accessed on June 25, 2005.
Field, B. C. (1997). Environmental Economics: An Introduction, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Fischer, F. (1990). Technocracy and the Politics of Expertise. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2000). ‘Applications of the contingent valuation method in developing countries,’ Economic and Social Development Papers. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X8955E/x8955e01.htm. Accessed on June 25, 2005.
Freeman, A. M. (2003). The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values, 2nd edn. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Kahn, M. E. and J. G. Matsusaka (1997). ‘Demand for environmental goods: Evidence from voting patterns on california initiatives,’ Journal of Law and Economics 40: 137–173.
Kelman, S. (1981). ‘Cost-benefit analysis: An ethical critique,’ Regulation 10: 33–40.
Lasswell, H. D. (1965). ‘The world revolution of our time,’ in Harold D. Lasswell and Daniel Lerner, eds., World Revolutionary Elites: Studies in Coercive Ideological Movements. Cambridge, MA.: The MIT Press, pp. 29–96.
Lasswell, H. D. and A. Kaplan (1950). Power and Society. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Lasswell, H. D. and M. McDougal (1992). Jurisprudence for a Free Society. New Haven: New Haven Press.
Leonard, H. B. and R. J. Zeckhauser (1986). ‘Cost-benefit analysis applied to risks: Its philosophy and legitimacy,’ in Douglas MacLean, ed., Values at Risk. Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, pp. 31–48.
List, J. and C. Gallet (2001). ‘What experimental protocol influence disparities between actual and hypothetical stated values? Evidence from a meta-analysis,’ Environmental and Resource Economics 20: 241–254.
List, J. and J. Shogren (2002). ‘Calibration of willingness-to-accept,’ Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 43: 219–233.
Loomis, J. B. (2000). ‘Environmental valuation techniques in water resource decision making,’ Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 126: 339–344.
Mitchell, R. C. and R. T. Carson (1989). Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future.
Murphy, J., P. G. Allen, T. H. Stevens, and D. Weatherhead. (2003). A Meta-Analysis of Hypothetical Bias in Stated Preference Valuation. University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Resource Economics, Working Paper No. 2003–8.
Navrud, S., ed. (1992). Pricing the European Environment, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) (2003) ‘Regulatory analysis,’ Circular A-4, September 17, 2003, U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
Quarles and Brady, L.L.P. (2003). ‘EPA CAFO rule faces funding dilemma and legal challenges, Quarles and Brady Environmental Alert April. http://www.qblaw.com/up_env65.asp#Art4. Accessed on January 9, 2006.
Rawls, J. (1971). A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. (1993). Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sagoff, M. (1994). ‘Should preferences count?,’ Land Economics 70: 127–144.
Sagoff, M. (2004). Price, Principle, and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schläpfer, F., A. Roschewitz and N. Hanley (2004). ‘Validation of stated preferences for public goods: A comparison of contingent valuation survey response and voting behavior,’ Ecological Economics 51: 1–16.
Shabman, L. and K. Stephenson (1996). ‘Searching for the correct benefit estimate: Empirical evidence for an alternative perspective,’ Land Economics 72: 433–449.
Silva, P. and S. Pagiola (2003). ‘A review of the valuation of environmental costs and benefits in world bank projects,’ World Bank Environment Department Paper No. 94, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Smith, V. K., ed. (1984). Environmental Policy Under Reagan's Executive Order: The Role of Benefit-Cost Analysis. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1998). Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Regional NOx SIP Call. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, September. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000). Environmental and Economic Benefit Analysis of Final Revisions to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Regulation and the Effluent Guidelines for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation. December. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Federal Register (1993). ‘Regulatory planning and review,’ Executive Order 12866 of September 30, 1993, U.S. Federal Register Volume 58, Number 190, October 4, 1993.
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2000). Habitat Equivalency Analysis: An Overview. Revised October 4, 2000. http://www.osradp.lsu.edu/guide/Binder%20A/Tab%20B/AB3.pdf. Accessed on June 27, 2005.
Vossler, C. A., J. Kerkvliet, S. Polasky, and O. Gainutdinova (2003). ‘Externally validating contingent valuation: An open-space survey and referendum in corvallis, oregon,’ Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 51: 261–277.
Whittington, D. and D. MacRae, Jr. (1986). ‘The issue of standing in cost-benefit analysis,’ Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5: 665–682.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ascher, W., Steelman, T. Valuation in the environmental policy process. Policy Sci 39, 73–90 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-006-9011-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-006-9011-x