Abstract
The cantilevered carbon nanotube is a traditional model in the design of some precise nano-oscillators. The sensitivity that is denoted by the quality factor defined as the ratio of the energy stored to the energy dissipated by losses in the oscillator is an important index for the nano-oscillators. In this paper, the small mass impacting on the single-walled carbon nanotube is simplified as an impact load and the governing equation of the transverse oscillation for the nanotube is established firstly. Based on the structure-preserving idea, the generalized multi-symplectic formulations of the governing equation are constructed. The oscillation of the damping nanotube under the transverse impact load with different amplitudes is simulated after the small numerical dissipation and the good convergence of the scheme constructed is verified. From the numerical results, the effects of the induced tension and the energy dissipation are investigated. More importantly, the high precision and the feasibility of the numerical approach proposed in this paper for reproducing the energy dissipation in the carbon nanotube oscillator are illustrated, which gives a new way to investigate the properties of the carbon nanotube oscillators.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sun, Y.P., Fu, K.F., Lin, Y., Huang, W.J.: Functionalized carbon nanotubes: properties and applications. Acc. Chem. Res. 35(12), 1096–1104 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar010160v
Dai, H.J.: Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc. Chem. Res. 35(12), 1035–1044 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1021/ar0101640
Yu, M.F., Files, B.S., Arepalli, S., Ruoff, R.S.: Tensile loading of ropes of single wall carbon nanotubes and their mechanical properties. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84(24), 5552–5555 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.5552
Krishnan, A., Dujardin, E., Ebbesen, T.W., Yianilos, P.N., Treacy, M.M.J.: Young’s modulus of single-walled nanotubes. Phys. Rev. B 58(20), 14013–14019 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.58.14013
Lu, J.P.: Elastic properties of carbon nanotubes and nanoropes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 79(7), 1297–1300 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.1297
Ruoff, R.S., Lorents, D.C.: Mechanical and thermal-properties of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 33(7), 925–930 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(95)00021-5
Baughman, R.H., Cui, C.X., Zakhidov, A.A., Iqbal, Z., Barisci, J.N., Spinks, G.M., Wallace, G.G., Mazzoldi, A., De Rossi, D., Rinzler, A.G., Jaschinski, O., Roth, S., Kertesz, M.: Carbon nanotube actuators. Science 284(5418), 1340–1344 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.1340
Kong, J., Franklin, N.R., Zhou, C.W., Chapline, M.G., Peng, S., Cho, K.J., Dai, H.J.: Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors. Science 287(5453), 622–625 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5453.622
Feng, E.H., Jones, R.E.: Carbon nanotube cantilevers for next-generation sensors. Phys. Rev. B 83(19) (2011). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.195412
Kaka, S., Pufall, M.R., Rippard, W.H., Silva, T.J., Russek, S.E., Katine, J.A.: Mutual phase-locking of microwave spin torque nano-oscillators. Nature 437(7057), 389–392 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04035
Mohanty, P.: Nanotechnology: nano-oscillators get it together. Nature 437(7057), 325–326 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/437325a
Wang, X., Dai, H.L.: Dynamic response of a single-wall carbon nanotube subjected to impact. Carbon 44(1), 167–170 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2005.08.017
Lucci, M., Toschi, F., Sessa, V., Orlanducci, S., Tamburri, E., Terranova, M.L.: Quartz crystal nano-balance for hydrogen sensing at room temperature using carbon nanotubes aggregates—art. no. 658917. In: Becker, T., Cane, C., Barker, N.S. (eds.) Smart Sensors, Actuators, and MEMS III, vol. 6589. Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), pp. 58917–58917 (2007)
Snow, E.S., Campbell, P.M., Novak, J.P.: Single-wall carbon nanotube atomic force microscope probes. Appl. Phys. Lett. 80(11), 2002–2004 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1461073
Bouchaala, A., Nayfeh, A.H., Younis, M.I.: Frequency shifts of micro and nano cantilever beam resonators due to added masses. J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control Trans. ASME 138(9) (2016). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033075
Ouakad, H.M., Younis, M.I.: Nonlinear dynamics of electrically actuated carbon nanotube resonators. J. Comput. Nonlinear Dyn. 5(1) (2010). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4000319
Jiang, H., Yu, M.F., Liu, B., Huang, Y.: Intrinsic energy loss mechanisms in a cantilevered carbon nanotube beam oscillator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93(18) (2004). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.185501
Naik, A., Buu, O., LaHaye, M.D., Armour, A.D., Clerk, A.A., Blencowe, M.P., Schwab, K.C.: Cooling a nanomechanical resonator with quantum back-action. Nature 443(7108), 193–196 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05027
Byun, K.R., Lee, K., Kwon, O.K.: Molecular dynamics simulation of cantilevered single-walled carbon nanotube resonators. J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 6(11), 2393–2397 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2009.1296
Huttel, A.K., Steele, G.A., Witkamp, B., Poot, M., Kouwenhoven, L.P., van der Zant, H.S.J.: Carbon nanotubes as ultrahigh quality factor mechanical resonators. Nano Lett. 9(7), 2547–2552 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl900612h
Sawaya, S., Arie, T., Akita, S.: Diameter-dependent dissipation of vibration energy of cantilevered multiwall carbon nanotubes. Nanotechnology 22(16) (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/16/165702
Vallabhaneni, A.K., Rhoads, J.F., Murthy, J.Y., Ruan, X.L.: Observation of nonclassical scaling laws in the quality factors of cantilevered carbon nanotube resonators. J. Appl. Phys. 110(3) (2011). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3611396
Laird, E.A., Pei, F., Tang, W., Steele, G.A., Kouwenhoven, L.P.: A high quality factor carbon nanotube mechanical resonator at 39 GHz. Nano Lett. 12(1), 193–197 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl203279v
Kim, I.K., Lee, S.I.: Theoretical investigation of nonlinear resonances in a carbon nanotube cantilever with a tip-mass under electrostatic excitation. J. Appl. Phys. 114(10) (2013). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4820577
Liu, R.M., Wang, L.F.: Vibration of cantilevered double-walled carbon nanotubes predicted by timoshenko beam model and molecular dynamics. Int. J. Comput. Methods 12(4) (2015). https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219876215400174
Hu, W.P., Deng, Z.C., Han, S.M., Zhang, W.R.: Generalized multi-symplectic integrators for a class of Hamiltonian nonlinear wave PDEs. J. Comput. Phys. 235, 394–406 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2012.10.032
Bridges, T.J.: Multi-symplectic structures and wave propagation. Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 121(1), 147–190 (1997)
Hu, W.P., Deng, Z.C.: Chaos in embedded fluid-conveying single-walled carbon nanotube under transverse harmonic load series. Nonlinear Dyn. 79(1), 325–333 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-014-1666-9
Hu, W.P., Deng, Z.C., Wang, B., Ouyang, H.J.: Chaos in an embedded single-walled carbon nanotube. Nonlinear Dyn. 72(1–2), 389–398 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-012-0722-6
Hu, W.P., Song, M.Z., Deng, Z.C., Zou, H.L., Wei, B.Q.: Chaotic region of elastically restrained single-walled carbon nanotube. Chaos 27(2) (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4977193
Hu, W.P., Song, M.Z., Deng, Z.C., Yin, T.T., Wei, B.Q.: Axial dynamic buckling analysis of embedded single-walled carbon nanotube by complex structure-preserving method. Appl. Math. Model. 52, 15–27 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2017.06.040
Hu, W.P., Deng, Z.C., Yin, T.T.: Almost structure-preserving analysis for weakly linear damping nonlinear Schrödinger equation with periodic perturbation. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 42, 298–312 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2016.05.024
Li, L., Hu, Y.J.: Buckling analysis of size-dependent nonlinear beams based on a nonlocal strain gradient theory. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 97, 84–94 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2015.08.013
Hamilton, W.R.: On a general method in dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 124, 247–308 (1834)
Feng, K.: Difference-schemes for Hamiltonian-formalism and symplectic-geometry. J. Comput. Math. 4(3), 279–289 (1986)
Laurie, D.P.: Calculation of Gauss–Kronrod quadrature rules. Math. Comput. 66(219), 1133–1145 (1997). https://doi.org/10.2307/2153763
Calvetti, D., Golub, G.H., Gragg, W.B., Reichel, L.: Computation of Gauss–Kronrod quadrature rules. Math. Comput. 69(231), 1035–1052 (2000). https://doi.org/10.2307/2585013
Hu, W.P., Li, Q.j., Jiang, X.H., Deng, Z.C.: Coupling dynamic behaviors of spatial flexible beam with weak damping. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.5477
Hu, W.P., Song, M.Z., Deng, Z.C.: Energy dissipation/transfer and stable attitude of spatial on-orbit tethered system. J. Sound Vib. 412, 58–73 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2017.09.032
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Professor H. Ouyang of the University of Liverpool for several good suggestions. The research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11672241 and 11372253), the fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU (SKLSP201643) and the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis of Industrial Equipment (GZ1605).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hu, W., Song, M., Yin, T. et al. Energy dissipation of damping cantilevered single-walled carbon nanotube oscillator. Nonlinear Dyn 91, 767–776 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-017-3843-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-017-3843-0