Abstract
Earthquakes cause many losses of life and property with their devastating effects. Scientists conduct studies to predict the hazards by examining the anomalies that occur before the earthquake. In this study, mathematical and statistical relationships are examined between soil radon (Rn-222) gas and earthquake and atmospheric total electron content (TEC). Furthermore, an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) simulation model is proposed to predict Rn concentrations. The model is evaluated for the M 4.2 Sivas, Susehri earthquake in Türkiye that took place on the North Anatolian Fault Zone in 2007 and a relationship is determined between soil Rn gas and micro-seismic activity. In parallel with the earthquake–radon relationship, some meteorological variables [5, 10, 20, 50 cm soil temperature (°C), vapour pressure (hPa), wet bulb temperature, dry bulb temperature] are identified as associated with the earthquake. It is also observed that the TEC increases with the relative Rn gas concentration as the time of the main shock is approached. This provides meaningful results for further seismo-ionospheric change interpretations. In addition, the ARIMA model detects possible future Rn gas concentration values.
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Acknowledgements
Soil Rn data were obtained from the Turkish Prime Ministry General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (https://en.afad.gov.tr/). The earthquake data used in the study were obtained from Boğaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute Regional Earthquake-Tsunami Monitoring and Evaluation Centre (http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb/). Meteorological data (5, 10, 20, and 50 cm soil temperature (℃), vapour pressure (hPa), wet and dry bulb temperatures) we used in our research were obtained from the Turkish Meteorology General Directorate (https://www.mgm.gov.tr/eng/forecast-cities.aspx). TEC data is taken from IONOLAB-Ionospheric Research Laboratory (http://www.ionolab.org/index.php?page=index&language=en). Finally, we would like to thank the referees and especially Editor Prof. Dr. Thomas Glade for his extraordinary management and patience.
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Keskin, S., Külahcı, F. ARIMA model simulation for total electron content, earthquake and radon relationship identification. Nat Hazards 115, 1955–1976 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05622-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-022-05622-2