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Earthquake damage estimations of Byblos potable water network

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Abstract

The old potable water network in Byblos city is provided mainly from Ibrahim River nearby. Located in a seismic region, the aging network needs to tolerate seismic threats; thus, damage to the potable water network needs to be assessed. Therefore, first, enhancing infrastructure resilience is briefly discussed, noting briefly the need to bridge specifically between heritage risk management and engineering. Second, Byblos potable water network, seismicity, and geology are detailed. Third, the potable water network damage assessment methodology is presented. It encompasses hazard assessment, network inventory, damage functions, and model development. Data and maps are prepared using the Geographic Information System and then modeled in Ergo platform to obtain the damage to buried pipelines in the event of likely earthquake scenarios. Ergo is updated to consider recommended ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) for the Middle East region, to consider amplification of the peak ground velocity in hazard maps due to different soil types, and to consider adequate fragility functions. Moreover, different Byblos geotechnical maps, landslide hazard, and liquefaction are investigated and embedded. Damage results to pipelines are dependent on the hazard maps obtained using different GMPEs and geotechnical maps. Asbestos cement pipelines will be most damaged, followed by polyethylene and then by ductile iron. Finally, recommendations are offered to consider an improved sustainable rehabilitation solution. The study provides a better understanding of Byblos potable water network and allows the establishment of a sustainable and resilience-to-earthquake preparedness strategy and recovery plan.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Lebanese National Center for Scientific Research, Lebanon (CNRS-L) for the support and the trust, since this research project is supported by the CNRS-L, it has a Grant No. GRP S-2721. Moreover, this work is willingly considered as part of the initiative of the Observatoire Libano-Français de l’Environnement (O-LIFE); thus, this paper is allocated the No. SA-37-2018. Finally, we thank all Ergo partners and members of the Ergo Consortium for their support.

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  1. Civil Engineering Department, University of Balamand – Al Kurah, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon

    Nisrine Makhoul

  2. National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA

    Christopher Navarro & Jong Lee

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Makhoul, N., Navarro, C. & Lee, J. Earthquake damage estimations of Byblos potable water network. Nat Hazards 93, 627–659 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-018-3319-7

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