Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Metamemory Experiments in Neurological Populations: A Review

  • Published:
Neuropsychology Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Metamemory refers to knowledge about one's memory capabilities and strategies that can aid memory, as well as the processes involved in memory self-monitoring. Although metamemory has been studied in cognitive psychology for several decades, there have been fewer studies investigating the neuropsychology of metamemory. In recent years, a growing number of studies of neurological patient groups have been conducted in order to investigate the neural correlates of metamemory. In this review, we examine the neuropsychological evidence that the frontal lobes are critically involved in monitoring and control processes, which are the central components of metamemory. The following conclusions are drawn from this literature: (1) There is a strong correlation between indices of frontal lobe function or structural integrity and metamemory accuracy (2) The combination of frontal lobe dysfunction and poor memory severely impairs metamemorial processes (3) Metamemory tasks vary in subject performance levels, and quite likely, in the underlying processes these different tasks measure, and (4) Metamemory, as measured by experimental tasks, may dissociate from basic memory retrieval processes and from global judgments of memory.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agnew, S. K., and Morris, R. G. (1998). The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A review of the literature and a proposed model. Aging Ment. Health 2: 7–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, C. C., and Ruff, R. M. (1990). Self-rating versus neuropsychological performance of moderate versus severe head-injured patients. Brain Inj. 4: 7–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, S. W., and Tranel, D. (1989). Awareness of disease states following cerebral infarction, dementia, and head trauma: Standardized assessment. Clin. Neuropsychol. 3: 327–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Army Individual Test Battery. (1944). War Department, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, DC.

  • Astell, A., and Harley, T. (1996). Tip of the tongue states and lexical access in dementia. Brain Lang. 54: 196–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bäckman, L., and Lipinska, B. (1993). Monitoring of general knowledge: Evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 31: 335–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldo, J. V., Delis, D., Kramer, J., and Shimamura, A. P. (2002). Memory performance on the California Verbal Learning Test II: Findings from patients with focal frontal lesions. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 8: 539–546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldo, J. V., and Shimamura, A. P. (2002). Frontal lobes and memory. In: Baddeley, A. D., Kopelman, M. D., and Wilson, B. A. (eds.), The Handbook of Memory Disorders, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York, pp. 363–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banfield, J. F., Wyland, C. L., Macrae, C. N., Munte, T. F., and Heatherton, T. F. (2004). The cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation. In: Baumeister, R. F., and Vohs, K. D. (eds.), Handbook of Self-Regulation: Research, Theory, and Applications, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 63–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, R. H., Kyaw, D., and Kilbey, M. M. (1984). Metamemory of alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 10: 318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beason-Hazen, S., Nasrallah, H. A., and Bornstein, R. A. (1994). Self-report of symptoms and neuropsychological performance in asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 6: 43–49.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. (1992). A strategy for studying memory disorders in multiple sclerosis. In: Squire, L., and Butters, N. (eds.), Neuropsychology of Memory, Guilford Press, New York, pp. 285–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., Goodkin, D., Beatty, P., and Monson, N. (1989). Frontal lobe dysfunction and memory impairment in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Cogn. 11: 73–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beatty, W. W., and Monson, N. (1991). Metamemory in multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 13: 309–327.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binetti, G., Magni, E., and Padovani, A. (1996). Executive dysfunction in early Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 60: 91–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bondi, M., and Kaszniak, A. W. (1991). Implicit and explicit memory in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 13: 339–358.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bondi, M., Kaszniak, A. W., Bayles, K., and Vance, K. (1993). Contributions of frontal system dysfunction to memory and perceptual abilities in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychology 7: 89–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brand, M., Kalbe, E., Fujiwara, E., Huber, M., and Markowitsch, H. J. (2003). Cognitive estimation in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and alcoholic Korsakoff patients. Neuropsychologia 41: 575–584.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, J. (1985). Access to knowledge in the dementia of Huntington's disease. Dev. Neuropsychol. 1: 335–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breen, E. (1993). Recall and recognition in Parkinson's disease. Cortex 29: 91–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A., and Smiley, S. (1978). The development of strategies for studying texts. Child Dev. 49: 1076–1088.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruyn, G. (1968). A historical, clinical, and laboratory synopsis. In: Vinkin, P., and Bruyn, G. W. (eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology, North Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 298–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butters, M., Kaszniak, A. W., Glisky, E. L., and Eslinger, P. J. (1994). Recency discrimination deficits in frontal lobe patients. Neuropsychology 8: 343–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N. (1985). Alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome: Some unresolved issues concerning etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive deficits. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 7: 181–210.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butters, N., Sax, D., Montgomery, K., and Tarlow, S. (1978). Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease. Arch. Neurol. 35: 585–589.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buytenhuijs, E. L., Berger, H., Van Spaendonck, K., Horstink, W., Born, G., and Cools, A. (1994). Memory and learning strategies in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 32: 335–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabeza, R., Locantore, J. K., and Anderson, N. D. (2003). Lateralization of prefrontal activity during episodic memory retrieval: Evidence for the production-monitoring hypothesis. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15: 249–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2002). HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report 2002, 14, pp. 1–40.

  • Collins, R. C. (1997). Neurology, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.

  • Coulter, L. (1989). The feeling-of-knowing in depressed and non-depressed patients with Parkinson's disease. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 11: 91. (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. L. (1993). Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Arch. Neurol. 50: 873–880.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. L., and Benson, D. F. (1992). Dementia: A Clinical Approach, 2nd edn., Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtiss, G., Vanderploeg, R. D., Spencer, J., and Salazar, A. M. (2001). Patterns of verbal learning and memory in traumatic brain injury. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 7: 574–585.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren, D. (1998). Impact of knowledge and age on tip of the tongue rates. Exp. Aging Res. 24: 139–153.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danielczyk, W. (1983). Various mental and behavioral disorders in Parkinson's disease, primary degenerative senile dementia, and multiple infarction dementia. J. Neural Transm. 56: 161–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delis, D. C., and Kramer, J. H. (2000). Advances in the neuropsychological assessment of memory disorders. In: Boller, F., and Grafman, J. (eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 25–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delis, D. C., Kramer, J. H., Kaplan, E., and Ober, B. (1987). The California Verbal Learning Test, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dellapietra, L. A. (1995). Metamemory in Parkinson's Disease. Dissertation Abstracts International, 56(5-B). (University Microfilms No. AAI95-30475).

  • Duke, L., and Kaszniak, A. W. (2000). Executive control functions in degenerative dementias: A comparative review. Neuropsychol. Rev. 10: 75–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duke, L. M. (2000). Underawareness of deficit in Alzheimer's disease: Convergent validation of metamemory tasks and the relationship to risk behavior (Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International 61.

  • Eisenberg, H. M., and Levin, H. S. (1989). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in mild to moderate head injury. In: Levin, H. S., Eisenberg, H. M., and Benton, A. L. (eds.), Mild Head Injury, Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 133–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eslinger, P. J., and Grattan, L. M. (1994). Altered serial position learning after frontal lobe lesion. Neuropsychologia 32: 729–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Duque, D., Baird, J., and Posner, M. (2000). Executive attention and metacognitive regulation. Conscious. Cogn. 9: 288–307.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giacino, J. T., and Cicerone, K. D. (1998). Varieties of deficit unawareness after brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 13: 1–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, E., and Barr, W. B. (1991). Three possible mechanisms of unawareness of deficit. In: Prigatano, G. P., and Schacter, D. L. (eds.), Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 152–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, I., Atkinson, J., Hesselink, J., Kennedy, C., Richman, D., Spector, S., et al. (1987). Evidence for early nervous system involvement in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Ann. Intern. Med. 107: 828–836.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. (2000). Neuropsychological Evaluation of the Older Adult, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, L., and Nilsson, L. (1982). Differential diagnosis of presenile dementia on clinical grounds. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 65: 194–209.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, J. T. (1965). Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience. J. Educ. Psychol. 56: 208–216.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harwood, D. G., and Sultzer, D. L. (2002). “Life is not worth living”: Hopelessness in Alzheimer's disease. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 15: 38–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, R. K. (1981). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heine, M., Ober, B., and Shenaut, G. (1999). Naturally occurring and experimentally induced tip of the tongue experiences in three adult age groups. Psychol. Aging 14: 445–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henson, R. N., Rugg, M. D., and Shallice, T. (2000). Confidence in recognition memory for words: Dissociating right prefrontal roles in episodic memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 12: 913–923.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hermann, B. P., Wyler, A. R., and Rickey, E. T. (1988). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance in patients with complex partial seizures of temporal-lobe origin. J. Clin. Neuropsychol. 10: 467–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinkin, C., van Gorp, W., Satz, P., Marcotte, T., Durvasula, R., Wood, S., et al. (1996). Actual versus self-reported cognitive dysfunction in HIV-I infection: Memory-metamemory dissociations. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 18: 431–443.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, W., and Volpe, B. (1988). Memory strategies with brain damage. Brain Cogn. 8: 379–408.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ivory, S., Knight, R., Longmore, B., and Caradoc-Davies, T. (1999). Verbal memory in non-demented patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 37: 817–828.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890/1981). The Principles of Psychology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., Kritchevsky, M., and Squire, L. R. (1989a). Cognitive impairment following frontal lobe damage and its relevance to human amnesia. Behav. Neurosci. 103: 548–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janowsky, J. S., Shimamura, A. P., and Squire, L. R. (1989b). Memory and metamemory: Comparisons between patients with frontal lobe lesions and amnesic patients. Psychobiology 17: 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. K., Hayes, S. M., D'Esposito, M., and Raye, C. L. (2000). Confabulation, vol. 2. In: Boller, F., and Grafman, J. (eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology, 2nd edn., Elsevier, New York, pp. 383–407.

  • Josiassen, R., Curry, L., and Mancall, E. (1983). Development of neuropsychological deficits in Huntington's disease. Arch. Neurol. 40: 791–796.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, E. D., Goodglass, H., and Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston Naming Test, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaszniak, A. W., and Zak, M. G. (1996). On the neuropsychology of metamemory: Contributions from the study of amnesia and dementia. Learn. Individ. Differ. 8: 355–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. R. (2001). Retrospective confidence judgments made by adults with traumatic brain injury: Relative and absolute accuracy. Brain Inj. 15: 469–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. R., Carney, E., and Peters, S. M. (2003). Predictions of recall and study strategy decisions after diffuse brain injury. Brain Inj. 17: 1043–1064.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. R., and Yorkston, K. M. (2000). Accuracy of metamemory after traumatic brain injury: Predictions during verbal learning. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 43: 1072–1087.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, M. R., Yorkston, K. M., and Rogers, M. (1995). Self-monitoring abilities of two adults with traumatic brain injury during verbal learning. Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol. 4: 159–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, B., and Whishaw, I. Q. (1995). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling-of-knowing. Psychol. Rev. 100: 609–639.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koriat, A., and Goldsmith, M. (1996). Monitoring and control processes in the strategic regulation of memory accuracy. Psychol. Rev. 103: 490–517.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koriat, A., and Goldsmith, M. (1998). The role of metacognitive processes in the regulation of memory performance. In: Mazzoni, G., and Nelson, T. O. (eds.), Metacognition and Cognitive Neuropsychology: Monitoring and Control Processes, Erlbaum, Mahway, NJ, pp. 97–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koriat, A., and Levy-Sadot, R. (2001). The combined contributions of the cue-familiarity and accessibility heuristics to feelings of knowing. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 27: 34–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., and Flavell, J. (1975). An interview study of children's knowledge about memory. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 40: 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lachman, J., and Lachman, R. (1980). Age and the actualization of world knowledge. In: Poon, L., Fozard, J., Cermak, L., Arenberg, D., and Thompson, L. (eds.), New Directions in Memory and Aging, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 285–311.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lafleche, G., and Albert, M. (1995). Executive function deficits in mild Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 9: 313–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonesio, R. J., and Nelson, T. (1990). Do different metamemory judgments tap the same underlying aspects of memory? J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 16: 464–470.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, H. S., and Goldstein, F. C. (1986). Organization of verbal memory after severe closed-head injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 8: 643–656.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological Assessment, 3rd edn., Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lipinska, B., and Bäckman, L. (1993). Monitoring of general knowledge: Evidence for preservation in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia 31: 335–345.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lishman, W. A. (1987). Organic Psychiatry, 2nd edn., Blackwell, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Somsak, D., Dew, M., and DeKosky, S. T. (1994). Awareness of cognitive deficits and anosognosia in probable Alzheimer's disease. Eur. Neurol. 34: 277–282.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mapou, R., Law, W., Martin, A., Kampen, D., Salazar, A. M., and Rundell, J. R. (1993). Neuropsychological performance, mood, and complaints of cognitive and motor difficulties in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 5: 86–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maril, A., Simons, J. S., Mitchell, J., Schwartz, B., and Schacter, D. L. (2003). Feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory: An event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 18: 827–836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maril, A., Wagner, A., and Schacter, D. L. (2001). On the tip of the tongue: An event-related fMRI study of semantic retrieval failure and cognitive conflict. Neuron 31: 653–660.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matison, R., Mayeux, R., Rosen, J., and Fahn, S. (1982). “Tip-of-the-tongue” phenomenon in Parkinson disease. Neurology 32: 567–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, A. R., Meudell, P. R., Mann, D., and Pickering, A. (1988). Location of lesions in Korsakoff's syndrome: Neuropsychological and neuropathological data on two patients. Cortex 24: 367–388.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maylor, E. (1990). Recognizing and naming faces: Aging, memory retrieval, and the tip of the tongue state. J. Gerontol. 45: 215–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, S. M., and Kaszniak, A. W. (1991a). When metacognition fails: Impaired awareness of deficit in Alzheimer's disease. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 3: 183–189.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, S. M., and Kaszniak, A. W. (1991b). Unawareness of deficits in dementia and schizophrenia. In: Prigatano, G. P., and Schacter, D. L. (eds.), Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 127–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGlynn, S. M., and Schacter, D. L. (1989). Unawareness of deficits in neuropsychological syndromes. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 11: 143–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mega, M. S., and Cummings, J. L. (1994). Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 6: 358–370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe, J., Schwartz, B. L., and Joaquim, S. G. (1993). The cue-familiarity heuristic in metacognition. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 19: 851–864.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millis, S. R., and Ricker, J. H. (1994). Verbal learning patterns in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 16: 498–507.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monsch, A., Bondi, M., Butters, N., Paulsen, J., Salmon, D., Brugger, P., et al. (1994). A comparison of category and letter fluency in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 8: 25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, L. H., van Gorp, W. G., Hinkin, C. H., Stern, M. J., Swales, T., and Satz, P. (1997). Subjective complaints versus actual cognitive deficits in predominantly symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 9: 37–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, J. A., Jun, S. P., Kuskowski, M. A., Warrior, A. S., and Webster, D. D. (1990). Cognitive and affective disorders in Parkinson's disease. In: Franks, A. J., Ironside, J. W., Mindham, R. H., Smith, R. J., Spokes, E. G., and Winslow, W. (eds.), Function and Dysfunction in the Basal Ganglia, Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp. 201–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscovitch, M., and Melo, B. (1997). Strategic retrieval and the frontal lobes: Evidence from confabulation and amnesia. Neuropsychologia 35: 1017–1034.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moscovitch, M., and Umilta, C. (1991). Conscious and nonconscious aspects of memory: A neuropsychological framework of modules and central systems. In: Liser, R. G., and Weingartner, H. J. (eds.), Perspectives on Cognitive Neurosciences, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 229–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulin, C., James, N., Perfect, T., and Jones, R. (2003). Knowing what you cannot recognize: Further evidence for intact metacognition in Alzheimer's disease. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 10: 74–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moulin, C., Perfect, T., and Jones, R. (2000a). Evidence for intact memory monitoring in Alzheimer's disease: Metamemory sensitivity at encoding. Neuropsychologia 38: 1242–1250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moulin, C., Perfect, T., and Jones, R. (2000b). Global predictions of memory in Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for preserved metamemory monitoring. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 7: 230–244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navia, B. A., Cho, E. S., Petito, C. K., and Price, R. W. (1986). The AIDS dementia complex: II. neuropathology. Ann. Neurol. 19: 525–535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O. (1984). A comparison of current measures of the accuracy of feeling-of-knowing. Psychol. Bull. 95: 109–133.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O., and Dunlosky, J. (1991). When peoples' judgments of learning (JOLs) are extremely accurate at predicting subsequent recall: The “Delayed-JOL Effect.” Psychol. Sci. 2: 267–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O., and Leonesio, R. J. (1988). Allocation of self-paced study time and the ‘labor-in-vain-effect.’ J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 14: 476–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O., and Narens, L. (1980). Norms of 300 general-information questions: Accuracy of recall, latency of recall, and feeling-of-knowing ratings. J. Verbal Learn. Verbal Behav. 19: 338–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, T. O., and Narens, L. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings, vol. 26. In: Bower, G. (ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Academic Press, New York.

  • Norman, K. A., and Shallice, T. (1986). Attention to action. Willed and automatic control of behavior. In: Davidson, R. J., Schwartz, G. E., and Shapiro, D. (eds.), Consciousness and Self-Regulation, Plenum, New York, pp. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pappas, B. A., Sunderland, T., Weingartner, H. M., Vitiello, B., Martinson, H., and Putnam, K. (1992). Alzheimer's disease and the feeling-of-knowing for knowledge and episodic memory. J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci. 47: 159–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pannu, J. K., Kaszniak, A. W., and Rapcsak, S. Z. (in press). Metamemory for faces following frontal lobe damage. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Society.

  • Pannu, J. K., Kaszniak, A. W., and Rapcsak, S. Z. (2005). Feeling-of-knowing for faces: An event-related fMRI study. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Prevey, M. L., Delaney, R. C., and Mattson, R. H. (1988). Metamemory in temporal lobe epilepsy: Self-monitoring of memory functions. Brain Cogn. 7: 298–311.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prevey, M. L., Delaney, R. C., Mattson, R. H., and Tice, D. M. (1991). Feeling-of-knowing in temporal lobe epilepsy: Monitoring knowledge inaccessible to conscious recall. Cortex 27: 81–92.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prigatano, G. P. (1991). Disturbances of self-awareness of deficit after traumatic brain injury. In: Prigatano, G. P., and Schacter, D. L. (eds.), Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 111–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prigatano, G. P., and Schacter, D. L. (1991). Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, S. M. (1986). Neuropsychology of multiple sclerosis: A critical review. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 8: 503–542.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapcsak, S. Z., Pannu, J. K., and Kaszniak, A. W. (2005). Monitoring and control processing in prosopagnosia. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Rapcsak, S. Z., Reminger, S. L., Glisky, E. L., Kaszniak, A. W., and Comer, J. F. (1999). Neuropsychological mechanisms of false facial recognition following frontal lobe damage. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 16: 267–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reger, M., Welsh, R., Razani, J., Martin, D. J., and Boone, K. B. (2002). A meta-analysis of the neuropsychological sequelae of HIV infection. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 8: 410–424.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rourke, S. B., Halman, M. H., and Bassel, C. (1999). Neuropsychiatric correlates of memory-metamemory dissociations in HIV-infection. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 21: 757–768.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubens, A. B., and Garrett, M. F. (1991). Anosognosia of linguistic deficits in patients with neurological disorders. In: Prigatano, G. P., and Schacter, D. L. (eds.), Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury: Clinical and Theoretical Issues, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 40–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scarrabelotti, M., and Carroll, M. (1999). Memory dissociation and metamemory in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychologia 37: 1335–1350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schacter, D. L., McLachlan, D. R., Moscovitch, M., and Tulving, E. (1986). Monitoring and recall performance by memory-disordered patients. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 8: 130. (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnyer, D., Verfaellie, M., Alexander, M., LaFleche, G., Nicholls, L., and Kaszniak, A. W. (2004). A role for right medial prefrontal cortex in accurate feeling-of-knowing judgments: Evidence from patients with lesions to frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 42: 957–966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenhuber, R., and Gentilini, M. (1989). Neurophysiological assessment of mild head injury. In: Levin, H. S., Eisenberg, H. M., and Benton, A. L. (eds.), Mild Head Injury, Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 142–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schraw, G. (1995). Measures of feeling-of knowing accuracy: A new look at an old problem. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 9: 321–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, B., Vasterling, J., Mathias, C., and Brennan, A. (2001). Clinical and neuropsychological correlates of impaired awareness of deficits in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease: A comparative study. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. 14: 122–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimamura, A. P. (1994). The neuropsychology of metacognition. In: Metcalfe, J., and Shimamura, A. P. (eds.), Metacognition: Knowing About Knowing, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 253–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimamura, A. P., Landwehr, R. F., and Nelson, T. O. (1981). FACTRETRIEVAL: A program for assessing someone's recall of general-information facts, feeling-of-knowing judgments for nonrecalled facts, and recognition of nonrecalled facts. Behav. Res. Methods Instrum. 13: 691–692.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimamura, A. P., and Squire, L. (1986). Memory and metamemory: A study of the feeling-of-knowing phenomenon in amnesic patients. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 12: 452–460.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. A., Henderson, V. W., McCleary, C. A., Murdock, G. A., and Buckwalter, J. G. (2000). Anosognosia and Alzheimer's disease: The role of depressive symptoms in mediating impaired insight. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 22: 437–444.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somers, R. H. (1962). A new asymmetric measure of association for ordinal variables. Am. Sociol. Rev. 27: 799–811.

    Google Scholar 

  • Souchay, C., Isingrini, M., and Espagnet, L. (2000). Aging, episodic memory feeling-of-knowing, and frontal functioning. Neuropsychology 14: 299–309.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Souchay, C., Isingrini, M., and Gil, R. (2002). Alzheimer's disease and feeling-of-knowing in episodic memory. Neuropsychologia 40: 2386–2396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stuss, D., and Benson, D. F. (1986). The Frontal Lobes, Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trosset, M. W., and Kaszniak, A. W. (1996). Measures of deficit unawareness for predicted performance experiments. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2: 315–322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Gorp, W. G., Satz, P., Hinkin, C., Selnes, O., Miller, E. N., McArthur, J., et al. (1991). Metacognition in HIV-1 seropositive asymptomatic individuals: Self-ratings versus objective neuropsychological performance. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 13: 812–819.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Victor, M., Adams, R. D., and Collins, G. H. (1971). The Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, Davis, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vilkki, J., Servo, A., and Surma-aho, O. (1998). Word list learning and prediction of recall after frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology 12: 268–277.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilkki, J., Surma-aho, O., and Servo, A. (1999). Inaccurate prediction of retrieval in a face matrix learning task after right frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology 13: 298–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitale, C., Pellecchia, M. T., and Grossi, D. (2001). Unawareness of dyskinesias in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Neurol. Sci. 22: 105–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-III Administration and Scoring Manual, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J., Mohs, R., and Heyman, A. (1992). Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease: Use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol. 49: 448–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wragg, R., and Jeste, D. (1989). Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 146: 577–587.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, A., Ellis, H., Szulecka, K., and de Pauw, K. (1990). Face processing impairments and delusional misidentification. Behav. Neurol. 3: 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yussen, S., and Levy, V. (1975). Developmental changes in predicting one's own span of short term memory. J. Exp. Child Psychol. 19: 502–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zakzanis, K. (1998). The subcortical dementia of Huntington's disease. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 20: 565–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zelinski, E., Gilewski, M., and Anthony-Bergstone, C. (1990). Memory functioning questionnaire: Concurrent validity with memory performance and self-reported memory failures. Psychol. Aging 5: 388–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

    Jasmeet K. Pannu & Alfred W. Kaszniak

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, 1503 E. University Blvd., Tucson, AZ, 85721

    Jasmeet K. Pannu

Authors
  1. Jasmeet K. Pannu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alfred W. Kaszniak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jasmeet K. Pannu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pannu, J.K., Kaszniak, A.W. Metamemory Experiments in Neurological Populations: A Review. Neuropsychol Rev 15, 105–130 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-7091-6

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-005-7091-6

Key Words

Search

Navigation