Abstract
Sonic hedgehog signaling and brain-derived neurotrophic factor play a neuro-protective role against oxidative stress in autism. Sonic hedgehog also increases Bcl-2 expression and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The level or activity of Bcl-2, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase are decreased in autism. Sonic hedgehog also decreases the production of malondialdehyde that its level is high in autism. Therefore, it is supposed that sonic hedgehog may be associated with oxidative stress in autism through other pathways too.
References
Al-Ayadhi LY (2011) Relationship between sonic hedgehog protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress in autism spectrum disorders. Neurochem Res [Epub ahead of print]
Sheikh AM et al (2010) Cathepsin D and apoptosis related proteins are elevated in the brain of autistic subjects. Neuroscience 165(2):363–370
Nguyen A et al (2010) Global methylation profiling of lymphoblastoid cell lines reveals epigenetic contributions to autism spectrum disorders and a novel autism candidate gene, RORA, whose protein product is reduced in autistic brain. FASEB J 24(8):3036–3051
Araghi-Niknam M, Fatemi SH (2003) Levels of Bcl-2 and P53 are altered in superior frontal and cerebellar cortices of autistic subjects. Cell Mol Neurobiol 23(6):945–952
Fatemi SH et al (2001) Dysregulation of Reelin and Bcl-2 proteins in autistic cerebellum. J Autism Dev Disord 31(6):529–535
Boso M et al (2006) Targeting cerebral Bcl-2 expression as a potential therapeutic target in autism: potential usefulness of human recombinant nerve growth factor. Med Hypotheses 67(5):1256–1257
Correia CT et al (2010) Increased BDNF levels and NTRK2 gene association suggest a disruption of BDNF/TrkB signaling in autism. Genes Brain Behav 9(7):841–848
Sheikh AM et al (2010) BDNF-Akt-Bcl2 antiapoptotic signaling pathway is compromised in the brain of autistic subjects. J Neurosci Res 88(12):2641–2647
Gadow KD et al (2009) Association of COMT (Val158Met) and BDNF (Val66Met) gene polymorphisms with anxiety, ADHD and tics in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 39(11):1542–1551
Al-Gadani Y et al (2009) Metabolic biomarkers related to oxidative stress and antioxidant status in Saudi autistic children. Clin Biochem 42(10–11):1032–1040
Chauhan A, Chauhan V (2006) Oxidative stress in autism. Pathophysiology 13(3):171–181
Yorbik O et al (2002) Investigation of antioxidant enzymes in children with autistic disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 67(5):341–343
Meguid NA et al (2011) Evaluation of oxidative stress in autism: defective antioxidant enzymes and increased lipid peroxidation. Biol Trace Elem Res 143(1):58–65
Dai RL et al (2011) Sonic hedgehog protects cortical neurons against oxidative stress. Neurochem Res 36(1):67–75
Ghanizadeh A (2011) Could fever and neuroinflammation play a role in the neurobiology of autism? A subject worthy of more research. Int J Hyperthermia 27(7):737–738
Ghanizadeh A (2011) Oxidative stress may mediate association of stereotypy and immunity in autism, a novel explanation with clinical and research implications. J Neuroimmunol 232(1–2):194–195
Ghanizadeh A (2011) Nuclear factor kappa B may increase insight into the management of neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity in autism. Expert Opin Ther Targets 15(6):781–783
Ghanizadeh A (2011) A novel hypothesized clinical implication of zonisamide for autism. Ann Neurol 69(2):426 (author reply 426–427)
Ghanizadeh A (2011) Gold implants and increased expression of metallothionein-I/II as a novel hypothesized therapeutic approach for autism. Toxicology 283(1):63–64
Ghanizadeh A (2011) Targeting of glycine site on NMDA receptor as a possible new strategy for autism treatment. Neurochem Res 36(5):922–923
Ghanizadeh A (2010) Targeting neurotensin as a potential novel approach for the treatment of autism. J Neuroinflammation 7:58
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ghanizadeh, A. Malondialdehyde, Bcl-2, Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase may Mediate the Association of Sonic Hedgehog Protein and Oxidative Stress in Autism. Neurochem Res 37, 899–901 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-011-0667-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-011-0667-z