Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cytokine and Growth Factor Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus Following Endovascular Embolization of Unruptured Aneurysms in Comparison with Other Types of Hydrocephalus

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Neurochemical Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To better understand the development of hydrocephalus of different origins, we evaluated cytokine and growth factor concentration in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with hydrocephalus. CSF was collected from patients developing hydrocephalus following hemorrhage (n = 15), patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (n = 10), and following the embolization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (n = 9). Myelography patients (n = 15) served as controls. Quantification of 11 molecules relating angiogenesis, inflammation, and wound healing in the CSF was performed using ELISA. All three hydrocephalus groups had decreased concentration of TIMP-4 compared to the normal group. The hemorrhage group showed increased concentration of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 compared to the control group. The unruptured aneurysm group had increased concentration of IL-6 and decreased concentration of TIMP-2 compared to the control group. Compared to the normal patients, increased concentrations of wound healing molecules were evident in all three groups. Increased inflammation was evident in the hemorrhage and unruptured aneurysm groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM et al (2005) International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion. Lancet 366:809–817

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sluzewski M, Menovsky T, van Rooij WJ et al (2003) Coiling of very large or giant cerebral aneurysms: long-term clinical and serial angiographic results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:257–262

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Stracke CP, Krings T, Moller-Hartmann W et al (2007) Severe inflammatory reaction of the optic system after endovascular treatment of a supraophthalmic aneurysm with bioactive coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:1401–1402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Fanning NF, Willinsky RA, ter Brugge KG (2008) Wall enhancement, edema, and hydrocephalus after endovascular coil occlusion of intradural cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 108:1074–1086

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. White JB, Cloft HJ, Kallmes DF (2008) But did you use HydroCoil? Perianeurysmal edema and hydrocephalus with bare platinum coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:299–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Craven I, Patel UJ, Gibson A et al (2009) Symptomatic perianeurysmal edema following bare platinum embolization of a small unruptured cerebral aneurysm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:1998–2000

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Marden FA, Putman CM (2008) Perianeurysm edema with second-generation bioactive coils. Surg Neurol 69:627–632 discussion 632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Im SH, Han MH, Kwon BJ et al (2007) Aseptic meningitis after embolization of cerebral aneurysms using hydrogel-coated coils: report of three cases. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28:511–512

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Meyers PM, Lavine SD, Fitzsimmons BF et al (2004) Chemical meningitis after cerebral aneurysm treatment using two-second-generation aneurysm coils: report of two cases. Neurosurgery 55:1222

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Donmez H, Mavili E, Ikizceli T et al (2009) Stroke secondary to aseptic meningitis after endovascular treatment of a giant aneurysm with parent artery occlusion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 32:801–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Berenstein A, Song JK, Niimi Y et al (2006) Treatment of cerebral aneurysms with hydrogel-coated platinum coils (HydroCoil): early single-center experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:1834–1840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kang HS, Han MH, Lee TH et al (2007) Embolization of intracranial aneurysms with hydrogel-coated coils: result of a Korean multicenter trial. Neurosurgery 61:51–58 discussion 58–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sheehan JP, Polin RS, Sheehan JM et al (1999) Factors associated with hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 45:1120–1127 discussion 1127–1128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Hirashima Y, Nakamura S, Endo S et al (1997) Elevation of platelet activating factor, inflammatory cytokines, and coagulation factors in the internal jugular vein of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurochem Res 22:1249–1255

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kikuchi T, Okuda Y, Kaito N et al (1995) Cytokine production in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Neurol Res 17:106–108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Takizawa T, Tada T, Kitazawa K et al (2001) Inflammatory cytokine cascade released by leukocytes in cerebrospinal fluid after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 23:724–730

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Flood C, Akinwunmi J, Lagord C et al (2001) Transforming growth factor-beta1 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: titers derived from exogenous and endogenous sources. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 21:157–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bergsneider M, Egnor MR, Johnston M et al (2006) What we don’t (but should) know about hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 104:157–159

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Whicher JT, Evans SW (1990) Cytokines in disease. Clin Chem 36:1269–1281

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gaetani P, Tartara F, Pignatti P et al (1998) Cisternal CSF levels of cytokines after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res 20:337–342

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Graetz D, Nagel A, Schlenk F et al. (2009) High ICP as trigger of proinflammatory IL-6 cytokine activation in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Res. doi:10.1179/016164109X12464612122650

  22. Schoch B, Regel JP, Wichert M et al (2007) Analysis of intrathecal interleukin-6 as a potential predictive factor for vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 60:828–836 discussion 828–836

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Johnson K, Aarden L, Choi Y et al (1996) The proinflammatory cytokine response to coagulation and endotoxin in whole blood. Blood 87:5051–5060

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yoshimura T, Yuhki N, Moore SK et al (1989) Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Full-length cDNA cloning, expression in mitogen-stimulated blood mononuclear leukocytes, and sequence similarity to mouse competence gene JE. FEBS Lett 244:487–493

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kim GH, Kellner CP, Hahn DK et al (2008) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 predicts outcome and vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 109:38–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Oppenheim JJ, Zachariae CO, Mukaida N et al (1991) Properties of the novel proinflammatory supergene “intercrine” cytokine family. Annu Rev Immunol 9:617–648

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Birkedal-Hansen H, Moore WG, Bodden MK et al (1993) Matrix metalloproteinases: a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 4:197–250

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Visse R, Nagase H (2003) Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, function, and biochemistry. Circ Res 92:827–839

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bennett NT, Schultz GS (1993) Growth factors and wound healing: biochemical properties of growth factors and their receptors. Am J Surg 165:728–737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Douglas MR, Daniel M, Lagord C et al (2009) High CSF transforming growth factor beta levels after subarachnoid haemorrhage: association with chronic communicating hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:545–550

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Galbreath E, Kim SJ, Park K et al (1995) Overexpression of TGF-beta 1 in the central nervous system of transgenic mice results in hydrocephalus. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 54:339–349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wyss-Coray T, Feng L, Masliah E et al (1995) Increased central nervous system production of extracellular matrix components and development of hydrocephalus in transgenic mice overexpressing transforming growth factor-beta 1. Am J Pathol 147:53–67

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Johanson CE, Szmydynger-Chodobska J, Chodobski A et al (1999) Altered formation and bulk absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in FGF-2-induced hydrocephalus. Am J Physiol 277:R263–R271

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Pearce RK, Collins P, Jenner P et al (1996) Intraventricular infusion of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the MPTP-treated common marmoset. Synapse 23:192–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Jayaraman T, Berenstein V, Li X et al (2005) Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a key modulator of inflammation in cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery 57:558–564 discussion 558–564

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kim SC, Singh M, Huang J et al (1997) Matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery 41:642–666 discussion 646–647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hashimoto T, Meng H, Young WL (2006) Intracranial aneurysms: links among inflammation, hemodynamics and vascular remodeling. Neurol Res 28:372–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cohen WM, Wu HF, Featherstone GL et al (1991) Linkage between blood coagulation and inflammation: stimulation of neutrophil tissue kallikrein by thrombin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 176:315–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bar-Shavit R, Kahn A, Fenton JW 2nd et al (1983) Chemotactic response of monocytes to thrombin. J Cell Biol 96:282–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Mutch NJ, Robbie LA, Booth NA (2001) Human thrombi contain an abundance of active thrombin. Thromb Haemost 86:1028–1034

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. van Aken PJ, Emeis JJ (1983) Organization of experimentally induced arterial thrombosis in rats from two weeks until 10 months. The development of an arteriosclerotic lesion and the occurrence of rethrombosis. Artery 11:384–399

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. van Aken PJ, Emeis JJ (1982) Organization of experimentally induced arterial thrombosis in rats: the first six days. Artery 11:156–173

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Szikora I, Seifert P, Hanzely Z et al (2006) Histopathologic evaluation of aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils or matrix detachable microcoils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27:283–288

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bavinzski G, Talazoglu V, Killer M et al (1999) Gross and microscopic histopathological findings in aneurysms of the human brain treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. J Neurosurg 91:284–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lee KR, Colon GP, Betz AL et al (1996) Edema from intracerebral hemorrhage: the role of thrombin. J Neurosurg 84:91–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Suo Z, Citron BA, Festoff BW (2004) Thrombin: a potential proinflammatory mediator in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy 3:105–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Motohashi O, Suzuki M, Yanai N et al (1995) Thrombin and TGF-beta promote human leptomeningeal cell proliferation in vitro. Neurosci Lett 190:105–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Massicotte EM, Del Bigio MR (1999) Human arachnoid villi response to subarachnoid hemorrhage: possible relationship to chronic hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg 91:80–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Deshaies EM, Adamo MA, Boulos AS (2007) A prospective single-center analysis of the safety and efficacy of the hydrocoil embolization system for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg 106:226–233

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mitha AP, Wong JH, Lu JQ et al (2008) Communicating hydrocephalus after endovascular coiling of unruptured aneurysms: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg 108:1241–1244

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Funding for this study was provided by MicroVention Terumo. Julie Shum and Gregory Cruise are employees of MicroVention Terumo. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance with statistical methods of Anita Iannucci, Ph.D. of the UC-Irvine Center for Statistical Consulting.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology/Neuroscience Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Christian Doppler Clinic, Ignaz Harrer Strasse 79, 5020, Salzburg, Austria

    Monika Killer & Gunther Ladurner

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA

    Adam Arthur

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Christian Doppler Clinic, Salzburg, Austria

    Abdul Rahman Al-Schameri

  4. Department of Neurointerventional Surgery, Scripps Memorial Hospital, La Jolla, CA, USA

    John Barr

  5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Donald Elbert

  6. MicroVention Terumo, Tustin, CA, USA

    Julie Shum & Gregory Cruise

Authors
  1. Monika Killer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Adam Arthur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdul Rahman Al-Schameri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John Barr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Donald Elbert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Gunther Ladurner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Julie Shum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Gregory Cruise
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monika Killer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Killer, M., Arthur, A., Al-Schameri, A.R. et al. Cytokine and Growth Factor Concentration in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus Following Endovascular Embolization of Unruptured Aneurysms in Comparison with Other Types of Hydrocephalus. Neurochem Res 35, 1652–1658 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-010-0226-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-010-0226-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation