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Merging applied gene conservation activities with advanced generation breeding initiatives: a case study of Pinus radiata D. Don

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Abstract

Major challenges exist for applied gene conservation of forest genetic resources in native habitats of the Mexican and Central American Pines, Pinus radiata and the Southern US pines. They include population decline and population structure changes, due to forest removal, conversion of forest land to other uses, fires, climate change, diseases and pests. However, tree breeders continue to struggle with methods that would meaningfully integrate tree breeding and conservation populations. In this review, I will start by outlining the importance of gene conservation in tree breeding programs, then highlight some challenges and opportunities for applied gene conservation programs; and lastly, I share results of a large body of applied research and other activities aimed at genetically characterising the base population of P. radiata in Australia and New Zealand, for the purposes of effective ex situ gene conservation. Main threats for species grown in exotic environments also include introduced diseases and pests, and more recently, climate change. Consequently, movement of genetic material is often restricted and genetic resources of pine species are not readily expanded by further importations from overseas. Therefore, conservation of genetic material currently in these countries is likely to be important for the long-term viability of plantation forestry using pine species. In addition to understanding the largely unpredictable or speculative biological and economic worth of rare alleles, the greatest challenge that we have in ex situ gene conservation is to develop practical approaches for infusing genes from base populations of unimproved material into more advanced-generation breeding programs without greatly affecting productivity gains. Other notable challenges include perceived costs and benefits of gene conservation in the face of increasing privatisation of forest estate. While financial resources for domestication of alternative species are declining, a vast number of existing species and provenance/progeny trials of P. radiata, the Mexican and Central American pines and the Southern US pines provide an excellent gene resource for the future.

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Acknowledgments

The author acknowledges the IUFRO Working Group 2.02.20, the organising committee and sponsors of the conference on Breeding and Genetic Resources of Southern US and Mexican Pines for inviting and meeting the costs of my trip to the conference. I also acknowledge CSIRO for meeting some of the costs of this work. Drs Harry Wu and Colin Matheson for their invaluable input into genetics of radiata pine. I appreciate with thanks to my colleague, Dr. Milos Ivković for his assistance in the preparation of the presentation I delivered at the conference. Also, thanks are extended to a large number of people who assisted at various stages of the presented case study, backdating to 1978. We extend special gratitude to our colleague, the late Dr. K. G. Eldridge for his efforts and vision on gene conservation and utilisation of radiata pine genetic resources. Special thanks extended to Dr. Rowland Burdon for very constructive suggestions and edits on some aspects of the case study drawn from published manuscripts and his invaluable suggestions to an earlier version of this paper. Dr. William Dvorak (Guest Editor) is also thanked for his invaluable comments and suggestions which greatly improved the manuscript.

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    Washington J. Gapare

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Gapare, W.J. Merging applied gene conservation activities with advanced generation breeding initiatives: a case study of Pinus radiata D. Don. New Forests 45, 311–331 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9398-0

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