Abstract
This paper analyzes scholarly papers published from 2003 through 2013 on the general theme of nanotechnology and governance. It considers three general points: (1) the “problem” of nanotechnology; (2) general lessons for governance obtained; and (3) prospects for aligning the US regulatory system to the next generation of complex engineered nano-materials. It argues that engineered nano-materials and products are coming to market within an already mature regulatory framework of decade-old statutes, long-standing bureaucratic rules and routines, narrowly directive judicial decisions, and embedded institutional norms. That extant regulatory regime shapes how policymakers perceive, define, and address the relative benefits and risks of both proximate and yet-to-be idealized nano-materials and applications. The paper concludes that fundamental reforms in the extant regime are unlikely short of a perceived crisis.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
A complete list of the articles considered in this analysis is available from the author.
A term coined by Alexis de Tocqueville (1856) in describing the French monarchy.
References
Abbott K, Marchant G, Corley E (2012) Soft law oversight mechanisms for nanotechnology. Jurimetrics 52:279–312
Baggott R (1998) The BSE crisis. Public health and the ‘risk society’. In: Gray P, ’t Hart P (eds) Public policy disasters in Western Europe. Routledge, London, pp 63–80
Baumgartner F, Jones B (1993) Agendas and instability in American Politics. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Bennett M (2004) Does existing law fail to address nanotechnoscience? IEEE Technol Soc Mag 23:28
Bord R, Fisher A, O’Connor R (1997) Is accurate understanding of global warming necessary to promote willingness to sacrifice? Risk: health. Safety Environ 8:339–349
Bosso C (1987) Pesticides and politics: the life cycle of a public issue. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh
Bowman D, Hodge G (2009) Counting on codes: an examination of transnational codes as a regulatory governance mechanism for nanotechnologies. Regul Gov 3:145–164
Breggin L, Carothers L (2006) Governing uncertainty: the nanotechnology environmental, health, and safety challenge. Columbia J Environ Law 31:286–329
Coglianese C (2010) Engaging business in the regulation of nanotechnology. In: Bosso C (ed) Governing uncertainty: environmental regulation in the age of nanotechnology. Earthscan, London
Coglianese C, Nash J (2001) Regulating from the inside: can environmental management systems achieve policy goals?. RFF Press, Washington
Crichton M (2003) Prey. Harper Collins, New York
Davenport C (2016) Senate approves update of toxic-chemical regulations. New York Times, June 8, A14
Davies JC (2006) Managing the effects of nanotechnology. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington
Davies JC (2009) Oversight of next generation nanotechnology. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington
de Tocqueville A (1856) The Ancien Régime and the French revolution, Penguin Classics (2008), London
Denison R (2011) The states were in on chemical policy reform in 2011 chemicals and nano-materials. http://blogs.edf.org/nanotechnology/2011/01/19/the-states-were-in-on-chemical-policy-reform-in-2011-30-and-counting. Accessed 8 June 2016
Denison R (2016) Historic deal on TSCA reform reached, setting stage for a new law after 40 years of waiting. Chemicals and nano-materials. http://blogs.edf.org/health/2016/05/23/historic-deal-on-tsca-reform-reached-setting-stage-for-a-new-law-after-40-years-of-waiting/. Accessed 8 June 2016
Environmental Protection Agency (2006) Life cycle assessment: principles and practice. EPA/600/R-06/060
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Inspector General (2011) EPA needs to manage nano-materials risk more effectively. Report #12-P-0162
Feynman R (1959) There’s plenty of room at the bottom. Lecture presented at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society, California Institute of Technology, December 29. http://www.its.caltech.edu/~feynman/plenty.html. Accessed 8 June 2016
Government Accountability Office (2010) Nanotechnology: nano-materials are widely used in commerce, but EPA faces challenges in regulating risk. Washington, D.C. GAO-10-549
Guber D (2003) The grassroots of a green revolution: polling America on the environment. MIT Press, Cambridge
Guber D, Bosso C (2012) High hopes and bitter disappointment: public discourse and the limits of the environmental movement in climate change politics. In: Vig N, Kraft M (eds) Environmental policy: new directions for the 21st century, 8th edn. CQ Press, Washington, pp 54–82
Guston D, Sarewitz D (2002) Real-time technology assessment. Technol Soc 24(1–2):93–109
Hodge G, Bowman D, Maynard A (2010) The regulatory challenges facing nanotechnology. In: Hodge G, Bowman D, Maynard A (eds) The international handbook on regulating nanotechnology. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham
International Risk Governance Council, Working Group on Nanotechnology (2005) Survey on nanotechnology governance: volume A. The role of government. IRCG, Geneva
Johnson R (2011) Governing nanobiotechnology: lessons from agricultural biotechnology regulation. J Nanopart Res 13:1467–1476
Jones CO (1974) Speculative augmentation in federal air and water pollution policy-making. J Polit 35(2):438–464
Kamieniecki S, Kraft M (2008) Foreword to Klyza. C., Sousa, D. American Environmental Policy, 1990–2006: Beyond Gridlock. MIT Press, Cambridge, p ix
Kica E, Bowman D (2012) Regulation by means of standardization: key legitimacy issues of health and safety nanotechnology standards. Jurimetrics 53:11–56
Klijn E (2008) It’s the management, stupid, on the importance of management in complex policy issues. Lemma, The Hague
Klyza C, Sousa D (2008) American environmental policy, 1990–2006: beyond gridlock. MIT Press, Cambridge
Krimsky S (1983) Genetic alchemy: the social history of the recombinant dna controversy. MIT Press, Cambridge
Krupp F, Holliday C (2005) Let’s get nanotech right. Wall Street J June 15:B2
Kulinowski K (2004) Nanotechnology: from ‘wow’ to ‘yuck’? Bull Sci Technol Soc 24(1):19
Kurzweil R (2005) The singularity is near: when humans transcend biology. Viking, New York
Kuzma J, Priest S (2010) Nanotechnology, risk and oversight: learning lessons from related emerging technologies. Risk Anal 30(11):1688–1698
Landy M (2010) EPA and nanotechnology: the need for a grand bargain? In: Bosso C (ed) Governing uncertainty: environmental regulation in the age of nanotechnology. Earthscan, London, pp 80–104
Landy M, Roberts M, Thomas S (1990) The US EPA: asking the wrong questions. Oxford University Press, New York
Layton L (2008) Chemical law has global impact: EU’s new rules forcing changes by US firms. Washington Post 12:1
Levi M (1997) A model, a method, and a map: rational choice in comparative and historical analysis. In: Lichbach M, Zuckerman A (eds) Comparative politics: rationality, culture, and structure. Cambridge University Press, New York
Lobring K (2006) Nanoscale materials: can (and should) we regulate the next industrial revolution? J Law Technol Policy 2:341
Marchant G, Wallach W (2015) Coordinating technology governance. Issues Sci Technol 31(4):43–50
Marchant G, Sylvester D, Abbott K (2010) A new soft law approach to nanotechnology oversight: a voluntary product certification scheme. UCLA J Environ Law Policy 28:123–152
Maynard A (2010) The nanotech gamble: double or nothing? http://2020science.org/2010/04/20/the-nanotech-gamble-double-or-nothing/. Accessed 8 June 2016
McKibben B (2004) Enough: staying human in an engineered age. St. Martins, New York
Mills K, Fleddermann C (2005) Getting the best from nanotechnology: approaching social and ethical implications openly and proactively. IEEE Technol Soc Mag 24(4):18–26
National Nanotechnology Initiative (2010) Supplement to the president’s FY2011 budget, subcommittee on nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. Committee on Technology, National Science and Technology Council, Washington
Paddock L (2006) Keeping pace with nanotechnology: a proposal for a new approach to environmental accountability. Environ Law Rep 36:10943–10952
Pierson P (2000) Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. Am Polit Sci Rev 92(4):251–267
Rejeski D (2011) Any big ideas left? Environ Forum 28(5):36–43
Sabatier P (1988) An advocacy coalition model of policy change. Policy Sci 21:129–168
Sandler R (2009) Nanotechnology: the societal and ethical issues. Project on emerging nanotechnologies #16. Woodrow Wilson International Center, Washington
Sandler R, Bosso C (2007) Tiny technologies, enormous implications. Issues Sci Technol 23(4):28–30
Sandler R, Kay W (2006) The GM-nanotech (dis)analogy? Bull Sci Technol Soc 26(1):57–62
Scheufele D, Lewenstein B (2005) The public and nanotechnology: how citizens make sense of emerging technologies. J Nanopart Res 7(6):659–667
Schneider A (2010) The nanotech gamble: bold science, big money, growing risks. Aol News, March 22–26. http://coldtruth.com/previous-investigations/. Accessed 8 June 2016
Segal S (2004) Environmental regulation of nanoparticles: avoiding big mistakes for small machines. Nanotechnol Law Bus 1(3):303
Selin H (2007) Coalition politics and chemicals management in a regulatory ambitious Europe. Glob Environ Polit 7:63–93
Shenkman R (2011) Dismantling an agency isn’t easy. New York Times, August 25. http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2011/08/24/what-if-republicans-closed-the-epa/dismantling-the-epa-would-not-be-easy. Accessed 8 June 2016
Taleb N (2007) The black swan: the impact of the highly improbable. Random House, New York
Teague C (2010) Aol News paints a misleading portrait of nanotechnology. April. http://www.merid.org/Content/News_Services/Nanotechnology_and_Development_News/Articles/2010/04/22/Opinion_A_Misleading_Portrait_of_Nanotechnology.aspx. Accessed 8 June 2016
Thaler R, Sunstein C (2008) Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Yale University Press, New Haven
Vogel D (2003) The hare and the tortoise revisited: the new politics of consumer and environmental regulation in Europe. Br J Polit Sci 33:557–580
Vogel S, Roberts J (2011) Why the toxic substances control act needs an overhaul, and how to strengthen oversight of chemicals in the interim. Health Aff 30(5):898–905
Wardak A (2003) Nanotechnology and regulation: a case study using the toxic substances control act. Woodrow Wilson International Center, Washington
Wargo J (1998) Our children’s toxic legacy. Yale University Press, New Haven
Willsdon J, Willis R (2004) See through science: why public engagement needs to move upstream. Demos, London
Wilson R (2006) Nanotechnology: the challenge of regulating known unknowns. J Law Med Ethics 34(4):704–713
Acknowledgments
Support provided by the National Science Foundation, “Collaborative Research: Workshop on the Anticipatory Governance of Complex Engineered Nanomaterials,” (CBET 1235693), David Guston and Kathleen Eggleson, co-PIs, and, earlier, by a Nanotechnology Interdisciplinary Research Team award, “Nanotechnology in the Public Interest: Regulatory Challenges, Capacity, and Policy Recommendations” (SES #0609078), Christopher Bosso, principal investigator. Thanks to Northeastern University graduate students Claudia Larson, Daniel Henkoff and William Walker for research assistance. The views expressed here are the author’s alone.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Guest Editors: Kathleen Eggleson, David H. Guston
This article is part of the Special Focus on Anticipatory Governance of Next Generation Nanotechnology
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bosso, C. Settling into the midstream? Lessons for governance from the decade of nanotechnology. J Nanopart Res 18, 163 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3451-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3451-9