Abstract
It is of great interest to set up a reproducible and sensitive method able to qualify nanomaterials before their market introduction in terms of their constitutive nanoparticle release-ability in usage. Abrasion was performed on polycarbonate, epoxy, and PA11 polymers containing carbone nanotubes (CNT) up to 4 %wt. Using Taber linear standard tool and standard abrasion conditions no release from polymer coatings containing CNT was measured. In this study, new practical tools inducing non-standardized stresses able to compete with van der Waals forces were developed and tested on model polymers, showing controlled CNT dispersion. These stresses are still realistic, corresponding to scratching, instantaneous mechanical shocks, and abrasion of the surface. They offer an efficient way to quantify if release is possible from nanomaterials under different mechanical stresses and therefore give an idea about the mechanisms that favors it. Release under mechanical shocks and hard abrasion was obtained using these tools but only when nanomaterials present a bad dispersion of CNT within the epoxy matrix. Under the same conditions no release was obtained from the same material presenting a good dispersion. The CNT used in this study showed an external diameter Dext = 12 nm, an internal diameter Din = 5 nm, and a mean length of 1 μm. Release from paints under hard abrasion using a standard rotative Taber tool was obtained from a intentionaly non-optimized paint containing SiO2 nanoparticles up to 35 %wt. The primary diameter of the SiO2 was estimated to be around 12 nm. A metallic rake was efficient to remove nanoparticles from a non-woven fabric nanomaterial.
References
Bello D, Wardle BL, Yamamoto N, De Villoria RG, Garcia EJ, Hart AJ, Ahn K, Ellenbecker MJ, Hallock M (2009) Exposure to nanoscale particles and fibers during machining of hybrid advanced composites containing carbon nanotubes. J Nanopart Res 11:231–249
Gohler D, Stintz M, Hillemann L, Vorbau M (2010) Characterization of nanoparticle release from surface coatings by the simulation of a sanding process. Ann Occup Hyg 54:615–624
Golanski L, Guiot A, Tardif F (2010) New method for the characterization of abrasion-induced nanoparticle release into air from nanomaterials. In: Proceedings of the nanotech 2010 conference, Anaheim
Golanski L, Gaborieau A, Guiot A, Uzu G, Chatenet J, Tardif F (2011) Characterization of abrasion-induced nanoparticle release from paints into liquids and air. J Phys Conf Ser 304 012062. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012062
Guiot A, Golanski L, Tardif F (2009) Measurement of nanoparticle removal by abrasion. J Phys Conf Ser 170:012014
Kaegi R, Ulrich A, Sinnet B, Vonbank R, Wichser A, Zuleeg S, Simmler H, Brunner S, Vonmont H, Burkhardt M, Boller M (2008) Synthetic TiO2 nanoparticle emission from exterior facades into the aquatic environment. Environ Pollut 156:233–239
Koponen IK, Jensen KA, Schneider T (2009) Sanding dust from nanoparticle-containing paints: physical characterisation. J Phys Conf Ser 151(012048):1–9
Tardif F, Guiot A, Golanski L (2009) Measurement of nanofiller removal by abrasion. In: Proceedings of the nanotech 2009 conference, Boston
Tardif F, Malarde M, Golanski L, Guiot A, Pras M (2011) Release-ability of nano fillers from different nanomaterials Part 1: aerosolisation of nanoparticles just deposited at the top surfaces. In: Proceedings of the nanotech 2011 conference, Boston
Vorbau M, Hillemann L, Stintz M (2009) Method for the characterization of the abrasion induced nanoparticle release into air from surface coatings. J Aerosol Sci 40:209–217
Wohlleben W, Brill S, Meier W, Mertler M, Cox G, Hirth S, Von Vacano B, Strauss V, Treumann S, Wiench K, Ma-Hock L, Landsiedel R (2011) On the lifecycle of nanocomposites: comparing released fragments and their in-vivo hazards from three release mechanisms and four nanocomposites. Small 7:2384–2395
Acknowledgments
This study was carried out with the financial support of the Relarguage-nano, ANSES project financed by French authorities and the Nanohouse European Project financed by FP7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Golanski, L., Guiot, A., Pras, M. et al. Release-ability of nano fillers from different nanomaterials (toward the acceptability of nanoproduct). J Nanopart Res 14, 962 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0962-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-012-0962-x