Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Susceptibilities of Candida albicans Mouth Isolates to Antifungal Agents, Essentials Oils and Mouth Rinses

  • Published:
Mycopathologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Forty Candida albicans strains isolated from patient’s mouth with fixed orthodontic appliances were analyzed to their susceptibilities to antifungal agents, mouth rinses and essential oils. Susceptibility to fluconazole, econazole, miconazole and ketoconazole, amphotericin B and nystatin was assessed by the disk diffusion (DD) method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M44-A protocol, and by Etest (fluconazole and amphotericin B). The susceptibilities to mouth rinses and essential oils were also determined by the DD technique. All isolates tested were susceptible (S) to amphotericin B, nystatin and fluconazole. The overall concordance between the DD and the Etest was 100% for amphotericin and fluconazole. One isolate was resistant to econazole (2.5%) and the other to ketoconazole (2.5%). Econazole and ketoconazole had the highest percentages of susceptible dose dependent (SDD), 55 and 95%, respectively. Regarding to the susceptibility isolates profile, seven phenotypes were detected, and the 3 more represented (90% of the isolates) of them were SDD to one, two or three azoles. The study of mouth rinses showed a high variability of efficacy against C. albicans. The results showed that the isolates susceptibility to essential oils differed (P < 0.05). The profile activity was: cinnamon > laurel > mint > eucalyptus > rosemary > lemon > myrrh > tangerine. The main finding was that the susceptibility to cinnamon and laurel varied among the three more representative antifungal phenotypes (P < 0.05). The susceptibility of econazole-SDD isolates to cinnamon and lemon was higher than those of the econazole-S yeasts (P < 0.05). In contrast, econazole-SDD isolates were less affected by laurel than econazole-S counterparts (P < 0.05).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Farias N, Buffon M, Cini R. In vitro evaluation of antifungal action of chlorhexidine digluconate and nystatin on the growing control of Candida albicans. Visão Acadêmica Curitiba. 2003;4:83–8.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Budtz-Jorgensen E. Etiology, pathogenesis, therapy and prophylaxis of yeast infection. Acta Odontol Scand. 1990;48:61–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Greenspan D. Treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;78:211–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Odds F. Candida and Candidosis. In: Odds F, editor. Factors that predispose the host to candidosis. 2nd ed. London: Bailiière Tindal; 1988. p. 71–4.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Pinto PM, Weikert-Oliveira RCB, Lyon JP, Cury VF, Arantes RR, Koga-Ito CY, Resende MA. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida spp. obtained from patients with different predisposing factors to candidosis. Microbiol Res. 2008;163:579–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Klepser ME. Antifungal resistance among Candida species. Pharmacother. 2001;21:124S–32S.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Khan ZU, Chandy R, Metwali KE. Candida albicans strain carriage in patients and nursing staff of an intensive care unit: a study of morphotypes and resistotypes. Mycoses. 2003;46:476–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kuriyama T, Williams DW, Bagg J, Coulter WA, Ready D, Lewis MA. In vitro susceptibility of oral Candida to seven antifungal agents. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20:349–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Paniagua GLC, Monroy EP, Negrete EA, Vaca SP. Susceptibility to 5-Fluorocytosine, miconazole and amphotericin B of Candida albicans strains isolated from the throat of non-AIDS patients. Rev Latinoam Microbiol. 2002;44:65–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Manfredi M, McCullough MJ, Polonelli L, Conti S, Al-Karaawi ZM, Vescovi P, Porter SR. In vitro antifungal susceptibility to six antifungal agents of 229 Candida isolates from patients with diabetes mellitus. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2006;21:177–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hiom SJ, Furr JR, Russel AD, Dickinson JR. Effects of chlorhexidine diacetate on Candida albicans, C. glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992;72:35–40.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Giuliana G, Pizzo G, Milici E, Musotto GC, Giangreco R. In vitro antifungal properties of mouthrinses containing antimicrobial agents. J Periodontol. 1997;68:729–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Harper RP, Milsom S, Wade W, Addy M, Moran J, Newcombe RG. An approach to efficacy screening of mouthrinses: studies on a group of French products. (II). Inhibition of salivary bacteria and plaque in vivo. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22:723–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D, Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils—a review. Food Chemical Toxicol. 2008;46:446–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol. 1999;86:985–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Giordani R, Regli P, Kaloustian J, Mikaïl C, Abou L, Portugal H. Antifungal effect of various essential oils against Candida albicans. Potentiation of antifungal action of amphotericin B by essential oil from Thymus vulgaris. Phytother Res. 2004;18:990–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Cavaleiro C, Pinto E, Gonçalves MJ, Salgueiro L. Antifungal activity of Juniperus essential oils against dermatophyte, Aspergillus and Candida strains. J Appl Microbiol. 2006;100:1333–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kurtzman CP, Fell JW. The yeasts: a taxonomic study. 4th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Taschdjian CL. Routine identification of Candida albicans: current methods on a new medium. Mycologia. 1957;49:332–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Brown AJ, Gow NA. Regulatory networks controlling Candida albicans morphogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 1999;7:333–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. NCCLS. Method for antifungal disk diffusion susceptibility testing for yeasts. Approved Guideline NCCLS Document M44-A. Pennsylvania; 2004.

  22. Barry AL, Pfaller MA, Rennie RP, Fuchs PC, Brown SD. Precision and accuracy of fluconazole susceptibility testing by broth microdilution, Etest, and disk diffusion methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:1781–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Barry A, Bille J, Brown S, Ellis D, Meis J, Pfaller M, Rennie R, Rinaldi M, Rogers T, Traczewski M. Quality control limits for fluconazole disk susceptibility tests on Mueller-Hinton agar with glucose and methylene blue. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3410–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. StatSoft, Inc. STATISTICA (data analysis software system), version 9.1. www.statsoft.com; 2010.

  25. Hibino K, Wong RW, Hägg U, Samaranayake LP. The effects of orthodontic appliances on Candida in the human mouth. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2009;19:301–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Pai MB, Prashant GM, Murlikrishna KS, Shivakumar KM, Chandu GN. Antifungal efficacy of Punica granatum, Acacia nilotica, Cuminum cyminum and Foeniculum vulgare on Candida albicans: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21:334–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Niimi M, Firth NA, Cannon RD. Antifungal drug resistance of oral fungi. Odontology. 2010;98:15–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Dar-Odeh N, Shehabi A. Oral candidosis in patients with removable dentures. Mycoses. 2003;46:187–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dorocka-Bobkowska B, Konopka K. Susceptibility of Candida isolates from denture—related stomatitis to antifungal agents in vitro. Int J Prosthodont. 2007;20:504–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Arendrup M, Lundgren B, Jensen IM, Hansen BS, Frimodt-Møller N. Comparison of Etest and a tablet diffusion test with the NCCLS broth microdilution method for fluconazole and amphotericin B susceptibility testing of Candida isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;47:521–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Barasch A, Griffin AV. Miconazole revisited: new evidence of antifungal efficacy from laboratory and clinical trials. Future Microbiol. 2008;3:265–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Marcos-Arias C, Eraso E, Madariaga L, Carrilo-Muñoz AJ, Quindós G. In vitro activities of new triazole antifungal agents posaconazole and voriconazole, against oral Candida isolates from patients suffering from denture stomatitis. Mycopathologia. 2012;173:35–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Giuliana G, Pizzo G, Milici E, Giangreco R. In vitro study of antimicrobial agents against Candida species. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1999;1:44–9.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Vianna M, Gomes B, Berber V, Zaia A, Ferraz C. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine and sodium hypoclorite. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97:79–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Waltimo T, Haapasalo M, Zehnder M, Meyer J. Clinical aspects related to endodontic yeasts infections. Endod Topics. 2004;9:66–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Janssen AM, Chin NLJ, Scheffer JJC, Svendsen AB. Screening for antimicrobial activity of some essential oils by the agar overlay technique. Pharm Weekbl Sci Ed. 1986;8:289–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Abdel-Mallek AY, Bagy MMK, Hasan HAH. The in vitro anti-yeast activity of some essential oils. J Islam Acad Sci. 1994;7:10–2.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ezzat SM. In vitro inhibition of Candida albicans growth by plant extracts and essential oils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001;17:757–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Işcan G, Kirimer N, Kürkcüoğlu M, Başer KHC, Demirci F. Antimicrobial screening of Mentha piperita essential oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:3943–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Tampieri MP, Caluppi R, Macchioni F, Carelle MS, Falcioni L, Cioni PL, Morelli I. The inhibition of Candida albicans by selected essential oils and their major components. Mycopathol. 2005;159:339–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Moreira ACP, Lima EO, Souza EL, Van Dingenen MA, Trajano VN. Inhibitory effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (lauraceae) essential oil and β-pinene on the growth of dematiaceous moulds. Braz J Microbiol. 2007;38:33–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Pozzatti P, Loreto ES, Lopes PGM, Atayde ML, Santurio JM, Alves SH. Comparison of the susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to essential oils. Mycoses. 2009;53:12–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bullerman LB, Lieu FY, Sally AS. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production by cinnamon and clove oils, cinnamoldehyd and eugenol. J Food Sci. 1977;42:1107–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Cheng S-S, Liu J-Y, Hsui Y-R, Chang S-T. Chemical polymorphism and antifungal activity of essential oils from leaves of different provenances of indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum). Bioresour Technol. 2006;97:306–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Pozzatti P, Scheid LA, Spader TB, Atayde ML, Santurio JM, Alves SH. In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from plants used as spices against fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible Candida spp. Can J Microbiol. 2008;54:950–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Devkatte AN, Zore GB, Karuppayil SM. Potential of plant oils as inhibitors of Candida albicans growth. FEMS Yeast Res. 2005;5:867–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Farag RS, Daw ZY, Hewedi FM, El-Baroty GSA. Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian spice essential oils. J Food Prot. 1989;52:665–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank to the patients of a dental clinic for their prompt availability and patience in participating this survey.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), PO Box 1013, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal

    Sara Carvalhinho, Ana Margarida Costa & Ana Sampaio

  2. Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centre for Animal and Veterinary Science (CECAV), UTAD, PO Box 1013, 5001-911, Vila Real, Portugal

    Ana Cláudia Coelho

  3. Faculty of Dentistry, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Manuel Pereira da Silva, 4200-393, Oporto, Portugal

    Eugénio Martins

  4. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, PO Box 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal

    Sara Carvalhinho & Ana Sampaio

Authors
  1. Sara Carvalhinho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ana Margarida Costa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Cláudia Coelho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Eugénio Martins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ana Sampaio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana Sampaio.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Carvalhinho, S., Costa, A.M., Coelho, A.C. et al. Susceptibilities of Candida albicans Mouth Isolates to Antifungal Agents, Essentials Oils and Mouth Rinses. Mycopathologia 174, 69–76 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-012-9520-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-012-9520-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation