Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis, which affects mainly small animals, and is considered an important public health disease. This paper describes the epidemiological and laboratory characteristics of 103 clinical cases of sporotrichosis diagnosed over a 10-year period in southern Brazil. The 92 cats and 11 dogs from eight municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul State developed especially the disseminated cutaneous and fixed cutaneous forms of the disease. Respiratory signs such as sneezing, serous nasal discharge and dyspnea were found in about 57% of the animals. The detection of Sporothrix schenckii in different clinical samples showed highest isolation in testicles (46.6%), oral cavity (45.2%) and conjunctival mucosa (38.1%). A differentiated histological pattern was found between the fixed cutaneous and disseminated cutaneous (DC) manifestations of the disease; well-organized granulomas of nodular distribution and various fungal structures prevailed in the DC form in cats. Melanin detection in S. schenckii cells by the Fontana–Masson technique was positive in 45.4% of the samples. The study revealed that the State of Rio Grande do Sul is an endemic sporotrichosis area and demonstrated the possibility of involvement of other pathways in the infection and spread of the disease. In addition, it emphasized the importance of laboratory tests for mycosis confirmation, especially in dogs that develop clinical manifestations without the presence of cutaneous lesions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lacaz CS, Porto E, Martins JEC, Heins-Vaccari EM, Melo NT. Tratado de Micologia Médica. 9th ed. São Paulo: Savier; 2002.
Lopes-Bezerra LM, Schubach A, Costa RO. Sporothrix schenckii and sporotrichosis. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2006;78(2):293–308.
Barros MBL, Schubach TMP, Coll JO, Gremião ID, Wanke B, Schubach A. Esporotricose: a evolução e os desafios de uma epidemia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2010;27(6):455–60.
Madrid IM, Mattei AS, Martins AA, Nobre MO, Meireles MCA. Feline sporotrichosis in the Southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: clinical, zoonotic and therapeutic aspects. Zoonoses Pub Health. 2010;57:151–4.
Nobre MO, Castro AP, Caetano D, Souza LL, Meireles MCA, Ferreiro L. Recurrence of sporotrichosis in cats with zoonotic involvement. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2001;18:137–40.
Schubach TM, Schubach A, Reis RS, Cuzzi-Maya T, Blanco TCM, Monteiro DF, et al. Sporothrix schenckii isolated from domestic cats with and without sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mycopathologia. 2002;153:83–6.
Souza LL, Nascente PS, Nobre MO, Meinerz ARM, Meireles MCA. Isolation of Sporothrix schenckii from the nails of healthy cats. Braz J Microbiol. 2006;37:372–4.
Xavier MO, Nobre MO, Sampaio DP Jr, Antunes TA, Nascente PS, Sória FBA, et al. Esporotricose felina com envolvimento humano na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Ciência Rural. 2004;34(6):1961–3.
Schubach TMP, Schubach AO, Cuzzi-Maia T, Okamoto T, Reis RS, Fialho-Monteiro PC, et al. Pathology of sporotrichosis in 10 cats in Rio de Janeiro. Vet Rec. 2003;152:172–5.
Carfachia C, Sasanelli MT, Lia RP, Caprariis D, Guillot J, Otranto D. Lymphocutaneous and nasal sporotrichosis in a dog from Southern Italy: case report. Mycopathologia. 2007;163:75–9.
Filgueira KD. Esporotricose na espécie canina: relato de um caso na cidade de Mossoró, RN. Ciência Anim Brasileira. 2009;10(2):673–7.
Larsson CE, Gonçalves MA, Araujo VC, Dagli MLZ, Correa B, Fava Neto C. Feline sporotrichosis: clinical and zoonotic aspects. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 1989;31:351–8.
Madrid IM, Xavier MO, Mattei AS, Carapeto LP, Antunes TA, Santos JR, et al. Esporotricose óssea e cutânea em um canino. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci. 2007;44(6):441–3.
Meinerz ARM, Nascente PS, Schuch LFD, Faria RO, Antunes TA, Cleff MB, et al. Felino doméstico como transmissor da esporotricose em trabalhador rural- relato de caso. Arq Inst Biol. 2007;74(2):149–51.
Jesus JR, Marques SMT. Esporotricose cutânea em gato–relato de caso. Clínica Veterinária. 2006;65:72–4.
Miranda LHM, Quintella LP, Santos IB, Menezes RC, Figueiredo FB, Gremião IDF, et al. Histopathology of canine sporotrichosis: a morphological study of 86 cases from Rio de Janeiro (2001–2007). Mycopathologia. 2009;168:79–87.
Benchekroun L, Kabbaj L, Ait El Kadi M, Ait El Kadi M, Ghfir B, Moustachi A, et al. Sporotrichose à Sporothrix schenckii : à propos d’une observation. J de Mycologie Médicale. 2008;18:43–5.
Conti-Diaz IA. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Latin America. Mycopathologia. 1989;108:113–6.
Crothers SL, White SD, Ihrke PJ, Affolter VK. Sporotrichosis: a retrospective evaluation of 23 cases seen in northern California (1987–2007). Vet Dermatol. 2009;20:249–59.
Feeney KT, Arthur IH, Whittle AJ, Altman SA, Speers SJ. Outbreak of sporotrichosis, Western Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(8):1228–31.
Gurcan S, Konuk E, Kilic H, Otkun M, Ener B. Sporotrichosis, a disease rarely reported from Turkey, and an overview of Turkish literature. Mycoses. 2007;50:426–9.
Mahajan VK, Sharma NL, Sharma RC, Gupta ML, Garg G, kanga AK. Cutaneous sporotrichosis in Himachal Pradesh, India. Mycoses. 2005;48:25–31.
Nakamura Y, Sao H, Takahashi H, Koide K, Hasegawa A. Sporothrix schenckii isolated from a cat in Japan. Mycoses. 1996;39:125–8.
Pappas PG, Tellez I, Deep AE, Nolasco D, Holgado W, Bustamante B. Sporotrichosis in Peru: description of an area of hyperendemicity. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:65–70.
Rubio G, Sanchez G, Porras L, Alvarado Z. Esporotricosis: prevalencia, perfil clínico y epidemiológico em um centro de referencia em Colombia. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2010;27(2):75–9.
Zhang J, Lin J. Clinical analysis of 316 cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Chin J Mycol. 2008–2004.
Schubach TM, Schubach A, Okamoto T, Barros M, Figueiredo FB, Cuzzi T, et al. Evaluation of an epidemic of sporotrichosis in cats: 347 cases (1998–2001). JAVMA. 2004;224(10):1623–9.
Colodel MM, Jark PC, Ramos CJR, Martins VMV, Schneider AF, Pilati C. Esporotricose cutânea felina no Estado de Santa Catarina: relato de casos. Veterinária in Foco. 2009;7(1):18–27.
Fernandes CGN, Moura ST, Dantas AFM, Blatt MCS. Esporotricose Felina–aspectos clinic-epidemiológicos: relato de casos (Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil). MEDVEP Rev Cientif Med Vet Pequenos Anim Anim Estim. 2004;2(5):39–43.
Figueiredo JF, Ferreira FA. Esporotricose canina. Veterinária notícias. 1998;4(1):115–20.
Fleury RN, Taborda PR, Gupta AK, Fujita MS, Rosa PS, Weckwerth AC, et al. Zoonotic sporotrichosis. Transmission to humans by infected domestic cat scratching: report of four cases in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:318–22.
Londero AT, Ramos CD. Esporotricose no Rio Grande do Sul–três décadas de observação. An Bras Dermatol. 1989;64(6):307–10.
Lopes JO, Alves SH, Mari CR, Brum LM, Westphalen JB, Altermann MJ, et al. Epidemiologia da esporotricose na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 1999;32(5):541–5.
Nobre MO, Meireles MCA, Caetano DT, Faé F, Cordeiro JMC, Meireles RM, et al. Esporotricose zoonótica na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil) e revisão da literatura brasileira. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Veterinárias. 2002;9(1):36–41.
Schubach TMP, Schubach A, Okamoto T, Barros MB, Figueiredo FF, Cuzzi-Maya T, et al. Canine sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis and therapeutic response in 44 cases (1998–2003). Med Mycol. 2006;44:87–92.
Whittemore JC, Webb CB. Successful treatment of nasal sporotrichosis in a dog. Can Vet J. 2007;48:411–4.
Leme LRP, Schubach TMP, Santos IB, Figueiredo FB, Pereira SA, Reis RS, et al. Mycological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage in cats with respiratory signs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mycoses. 2007;50:210–4.
Silva DT, Pereira SA, Gremião IDF, Chaves AR, Cavalcanti MCH, Silva JN, et al. Esporotricose conjuntival felina. Acta Scientiae Veterinarie. 2008;36(2):181–4.
Machado MLS, Baptista NI, Breitsameter I. Ocorrência de opacidades corneanas (Florida spots) em gatos atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae. 2004;32(1):65–8.
Madrid IM, Mattei AS, Xavier MO, Fernandes CG, Guim TN, Santin R, et al. Role of melanin in the pathogenesis of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Microb Infect. 2010;12:162–5.
Nobre MO, Madrid IM, Antunes TA, Martins AA, Fernandes CG, Mattei AS, et al. Virulence differences between albino and pigmented Sporothrix schenckii isolates. J de Mycologie Médicale. 2008;18:191–7.
Tachibana T, Matsuyama T, Ito M, Mitsuyama M. Sporothrix schenckii thermo-intolerant mutants losing fatal visceral infectivity but retaining high cutaneous infectivity. Med Mycol. 2001;39:295–8.
Schubach TMP, Schubach A, Okamoto T, Pellon IV, Fialho-Monteiro PC, Reis RS, Barros MBL, Andrade-Perez M, Wanke B. Haematogenous spread of Sporothrix schenckii in cats with naturally acquired sporotrichosis. J Small Anim Pract. 2003;44(9):395–8.
Quintella LP, Passos SRL, Vale ACF, Galhardo MCG, Barros MBL, Cuzzi T, et al. Histopathology of cutaneous sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro: a series of 119 consecutive cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2011;38(1):25–32.
Hussein MR. Mucocutaneous Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. J Cutan Pathol. 2008;35:979–88.
Civila ES, Bonasse J, Conti-Díaz IA, Vignale A. Importance of the direct examination in the diagnosis of cutaneous sporotrichosis. Int J Dermatol. 2004;43:808–10.
Gezuele E, Rosa D. Relevancia del cuerpo asteroid esporotricósico em el diagnóstico rápido de la esporotricosis. Rev Iberoam Micol. 2005;22:147–50.
Morris-Jones R, Youngchim S, Gomez BL, Aisen P, Hay RJ, Nosanchuk JD, et al. Synthesis of melanin-like pigments by Sporothrix schenckii in vitro and during mammalian infection. Infect Immun. 2003;71(7):4026–33.
Romero-Martinez R, Wheeler M, Guerrero-Plata A, Rico G, Torres-Guerrero H. Biosynthesis and functions of melanin in Sporothrix schenckii. Infect Immun. 2000;68(6):3696–703.
Madrid IM, Mattei AS, Soares MP, Nobre MO, Meireles MCA. Ultrastructural study of the mycelial phase of Sporothrix schenckii clinical isolates obtained of feline, canine and human sporotrichosis. Braz J Microbiol (in press).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Proc. 550083/2009-0 and 474533/2004-2) for financing this research, Tatiane Barbosa for the technical support and Dr. Luiz Carlos Severo of the Laboratório de Micologia, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil for the Fontana–Masson technique assistance.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Madrid, I.M., Mattei, A.S., Fernandes, C.G. et al. Epidemiological Findings and Laboratory Evaluation of Sporotrichosis: A Description of 103 Cases in Cats and Dogs in Southern Brazil. Mycopathologia 173, 265–273 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9509-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-011-9509-4