Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for Interpolated Images Based on Pixel Intensity Range

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel interpolation and a new reversible data hiding scheme for upscaling the original image and hiding secret data into the upscaled/interpolated image. This data hiding scheme considers the characteristics of the human visual system while embedding the secret data so that the existence of the secret data is not detected even after embedding a large amount of secret data. The proposed hiding scheme first divides pixel intensity ranges into groups and then adaptively embeds the secret data bits into the pixels based on the pixel intensity values. Therefore, the proposed scheme is able to maintain the visual quality of the stego-image. Experimental results show that the achieved PSNR by the proposed interpolation method is more than 30 dB for all the test images. Further, the results prove that the proposed data hiding scheme has superior performance than all the existing interpolation-based data hiding schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ajeeshvali N, Rajasekhar B (2012) Steganography Based on Integer Wavelet Transform and Bicubic Interpolation. I. J. Image, Graphics and Signal Processing 12:26–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Allebach J, Wong PW (1996) Edge-directed interpolation. International conference on image processing:707–710

  3. Benhfid A, Ameur EB, Taouil Y (2016) High Capacity Data Hiding Methods Based On Spline Interpolation, In: 5th International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), pp. 157–162

  4. Chang CC, Hsiao JY, Chan CS (2003) Finding optimal LSB substitution in image hiding by dynamic programming strategy. Pattern Recogn 36:1583–1595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chang CC, Lin CY, Fan YH (2008) Lossless data hiding for color images based on block truncation coding. Pattern Recogn 41(7):2347–2357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Chang YT, Huang CT, Lee CF, Wang SJ (2013) Image interpolating based data hiding in conjunction with pixel shifting of histogram. J Supercomput 66:1093–1110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Fridrich J, Kodovsky J (2012) Rich models for steganalysis of digital images. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security 7:868–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fridrich J, Goljan M, Du R (2001) Reliable detection of LSB steganography in color and grayscale images. Proceedings of ACM workshop on multimedia and security:27–30

  9. Gutub AA (2008) "Pixel Indicator high capacity Technique for RGB image Based Steganography", 5th IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing and its Applications, University of Sharjah

  10. Gutub A and Al-Juaid N (2018) Multi-Bits Stego-System For Hiding Text in Multimedia Images Based on User Security Priority, Journal of Computer Hardware Engineering, vol. 1, no. 2, EnPress Publisher

  11. Gutub A, Al-Qahtani A, and Tabakh A (2009) Triple-A: Secure RGB Image Steganography Based on Randomization, 7th ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, pp. 400–403

  12. Gutub A, Al-Juaid N, Khan E (2017) Counting-Based Secret Sharing Technique for Multimedia Applications. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5293-6

  13. Gutub A, Alsaidi A, Al-lehaibi K, Alzahrani H, Al Ghamdi M (2018) Compression multi-level crypto Stego-security of texts utilizing colored email forwarding. Journal of Computer Science & Computational Mathematics 8(3):33–42

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hong W, Chen TS (2011) Reversible data embedding for high quality images using interpolation and reference pixel distribution mechanism. Journal of Visual Communications and Image Representation 22:131–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hu J and Li T (2015) “Reversible steganography using extended image interpolation technique”, Computer and Electrical Engineering

  16. Jung KH (2018) A survey of interpolation-based reversible data hiding methods. Multimedia Tools and Applications 77(7):7795–7810

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jung KH, Yoo KY (2009) Data hiding using image interpolation. Computer standards and interfaces 31:465–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jung KH, Yoo KY (2015) Steganographic method based on interpolation and LSB substitution of digital images. Multimed Tools Appl 74:2143–2155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jung KH, Yoo KY (2015) High capacity index based data hiding method. Multimedia Tools and Appllications 74:2179–2193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Katzenbeisser S, and Petitcolas FAP (2000) Information hiding techniques for steganography and digital watermarking, Artech House, Norwood

  21. Kumar R, Malik A, Singh S, Kumar B, Chand S (2016) Reversible data hiding scheme for LZW codes using even-odd embedding strategy, International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA), pp. 1399–1403

  22. Kumar R, Chand S, Singh S (2018) A reversible high capacity data hiding scheme using combinatorial strategy. International Journal of Multimedia Intelligence and Security 3(2):146–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Kumar R, Chand S, Singh S (2018) An efficient text steganography scheme using Unicode space characters. International Journal of Forensic Computer Science 10(1):8–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kumar R, Chand S, Singh S (2018) A reversible data hiding scheme using pixel location. Int Arab J Inf Technol 15(4):763–768

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kumar R, Chand S, Singh S (2018) “An Improved Histogram-Shifting-Imitated reversible data hiding based on HVS characteristics,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 77, vol. 11, pp. 13445–13457

  26. Kumar R, Chand S, Singh S (2019) An optimal high capacity reversible data hiding scheme using move to front coding for LZW codes. Multimed Tools Appl 1-25:22977–23001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7640-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kumar R, Singh S, Jung KH (2019) Human Visual System Based Enhanced AMBTC for Color Image Compression Using Interpolation. 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN):903–907

  28. Lee CF, Chang WT (2010) Recovery of color images by composed associative mining and edge detection. Journal of Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing 1:310–324

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lee CF, Huang YL (2012) An efficient image interpolation increasing payload in reversible data hiding. Expert Syst Appl 39:6712–6719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee CF, Chang CC, Pai PY, Huang WH (2010) “An effective demosaicing method for CFA image”. International Journal of Innovative Computing. Inf Control 6:5485–5499

    Google Scholar 

  31. Lehmann TM, Gonner C, Spitzer K (1999) Survey: interpolation methods in medical image processing. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 18:1049–1075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lin CC, Tai WL, Chang CC (2008) Multilevel reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of difference images. Pattern Recogn 41:3582–3591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Lin IC, Lin YB, Wang CM (2009) Hiding data in spatial domain images with distortion tolerance. Computer Standards & Interfaces 31(2):458–464

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  34. Lu TC (2018) Interpolation-based hiding scheme using the modulus function and re-encoding strategy. Signal Process 142:244–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Lu ZM, Pan JS, Sun SH (2000) VQ-based digital image watermarking method. Electronics Letter 36:1201–1202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Lu ZM, Wang JX, Liu BB (2009) An improved lossless data hiding scheme based on image VQ-index residual value coding. J Syst Softw 82(6):1016–1024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Lu TC, Chang CC, Huang YH (2014) High capacity reversible hiding scheme based on interpolation, difference expansion. Multimed Tools Appl 72:417–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Malik A, Sikka G, Verma HK (2007) An image interpolation based reversible data hiding scheme using pixel value adjusting feature. Multimed Tools Appl 76(11):13025–13046

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Malik A, Kumar R, Singh S (2016) Reversible data hiding scheme for LZW codes using LSB flipping strategy, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Information Communication Technology & Computing, pp. 58–62

  40. Malik A, Sikka G, Verma HK (2017) Image interpolation based high capacity reversible data hiding scheme. Multimed Tools Appl 76(22):24107–24123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Malik A, Kumar R, Singh S (2018) A New Image Steganography Technique Based on Pixel Intensity and Similarity in Secret Message, International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN), pp. 828–831

  42. Malik A, Singh S, Kumar R (2018) Recovery based high capacity reversible data hiding scheme using even-odd embedding. Multimed Tools Appl 77(12):15803–15827

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Meikap S, Jana B (2018) Directional PVO for reversible data hiding scheme with image interpolation. Multimedia Tools and Applications :1–31

  44. Mohammad AA, Al-Haj A, Farfoura M (2018) An improved capacity data hiding technique based on image interpolation. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6465-8

  45. Pevny T, Bas P, Fridrich J (2010) Steganalysis by subtractive pixel adjacency matrix. IEEE Trans on Info Forensics and Security 5:215–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Podilchuk CI, Delp EJ (2001) Digital watermarking: algorithms and applications. IEEE Signal Process Mag 18:33–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Shaik A, Thanikaiselvan V (2018) High capacity reversible data hiding using 2D parabolic interpolation. Multimedia Tools and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6544-x

  48. Tang M, Hu J, Song W (2014) A high capacity image steganography using multilayer embedding. Optik 125:3972–3976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Wahed MA, Nyeem H (2019) High capacity reversible data hiding with interpolation and adaptive embedding. PLoS One 14(3):e0212093. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212093

  50. Wang ZH, Lee CF, Chang CY (2013) Histogram-shifting-imitated reversible data hiding. J Syst Softw 86:315–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Wang XT, Chang CC, Nguyen TS, Li MC (2013) Reversible data hiding for high quality images exploiting interpolation and direction order mechanism. Digital Signal Processing 23:569–577

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  52. Xuan G, Shi YQ, Yao Q, Ni Z, Yang C, Gao J (2006) Lossless data hiding using histogram shifting method based on integer wavelets. International Workshop on Digital Watermarking, Lect Notes Comput Sci 4823:323–332

    Google Scholar 

  53. Yang B, Schmucker M, Funk W, Brush C, Sun S (2011) Integer DCT-based reversible watermarking for images using companding technique. Proceeding of International Journal of Electron Communication 65:814–826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Yu YH, Chang CC, Hu YC (2005) Hiding secret data in images via predictive coding. Pattern Recogn 38:691–705

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhang X, Sun Z, Tang Z et al (2016) High capacity data hiding based on interpolated image. Multimed Tools Appl 9195–9218

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science & Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India

    Aruna Malik, Geeta Sikka & Harsh K Verma

Authors
  1. Aruna Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Geeta Sikka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Harsh K Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aruna Malik.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Malik, A., Sikka, G. & Verma, H. A Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for Interpolated Images Based on Pixel Intensity Range. Multimed Tools Appl 79, 18005–18031 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-08691-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-08691-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation