Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3 study

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, a new audio watermarking scheme operating in the frequency domain and based on neural network architecture is described. The watermark is hidden into the middle frequency band after performing a Discrete Cosine transform (DCT). Embedding and extraction of the watermark are based on the use of a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) architecture. In addition, the selection of frequencies and the block hiding the watermark are based on a preliminary study of the effect of MP3 compression at several rates on the signal. Experimental results show that the proposed technique presents good robustness and perceptual quality results. We also investigate the application of the proposed technique in video watermarking. Traditional techniques have used audio channel as supplementary embedding space and adopt state-of-the art techniques that resist to MP3 compression attack. In these techniques, the MPEG compression attack is only evaluated on the video part and the audio part is kept unaffected. In this paper, we adapt the preliminary MP3 study to video watermarking technique but with a preliminary study of the MPEG compression applied to the audio channel. Here again, we notice that the application of the preliminary MPEG study to the audio channel improves the robustness of the video watermarking scheme though keeping high-quality watermarked video sequences.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. All signals are WAVE files with 44.1 KHz sampling rate and 16 bits per sample.

  2. http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/

  3. http://lame.sourceforge.net/

  4. http://ffmpeg.org/

  5. http://amsl-smb.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/smfa/allgemeines.php

  6. http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bs/R-REC-BS.1116-1-199710-I!!PDF-E.pdf

  7. DCT-NN denote the basic technique and DCT-NN optimal the modified technique.

  8. X means that the corresponding scheme doesn’t test the indicated attack.

  9. [1]: Singular Value Decomposition [5]: Quantization of Wavelet Coefficients [30]: Mean-quantization of Wavelet Coefficients [46]: Support Vector Regression [44]: Reduced singular value decomposition [32]: Asymmetric turbo-Hadamard code [25]: Testing Error Correcting Codes [38]: Singular Value Decomposition Short-Time Fourier Transform [17, 40]: Spread Spectrum.

References

  1. Ali A-H, Ahmad M (2010) Digital audio watermarking based on the discrete wavelets transform and singular value decomposition. Eur J Sci Res 39(1):6–21

    Google Scholar 

  2. Barnett R (1999) Digital watermarking applications, techniques and challenges. IEE Electron Commun Eng J 11:173–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ben Hamida A, Koubaa M, Ben Amar C, Nicolas H (2011) Hierarchical traceability of multimedia files. In: IEEE symposium series in computational intelligence 2011 - CICS- 2011 IEEE symposium on computational intelligence in cyber security, pp 108–113

  4. Bender W, Gruhl D, Morimoto N, Lu A (1996) Techniques for data hiding. IBM Syst J 35(3–4): 313–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bhat V, Sen Gupta I, Das A (2008) Audio watermarking based on quantization in wavelet domain. In: Proceeding of the international commission on intervention and state sovereignty, pp 235–242

  6. Bhat V, Sen Gupta I, Das A (2010) An adaptive audio watermarking based on the singular value decomposition in the wavelet domain. Digit Signal Process 20(6):426–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Carver S, Memon N, Yeo BL, Yeung MM (1998) Resolving rightful ownerships with invisible watermarking techniques: limitations, attacks, and implications. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun 16(4):573–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Chaabane F, Charfeddine M, Ben Amar C (2011) The impact of error correcting coding in audio watermarking. In: Proceeding of the IEEE international conference on next generation networks and services, pp 90–95

  9. Chan P, Lyu M (2003) A DWT-based digital video watermarking scheme with error correcting code. In: 5th international conference on information and communications security, pp 202– 213

  10. Chan P, Lyu M (2003) A DWT-based digital video watermarking scheme with error correcting code. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on information and communications security. Lecture notes in computer science. Springer, pp 202–213

  11. Charfeddine M, El’Arbi M, Ben Amar C (2008) A blind audio watermarking scheme based on neural network and psychoacoustic model with error correcting code in wavelet domain. In: Proceeding of the 3rd international symposiumon communications, control and signal processing, pp 1138–1143

  12. Charfeddine M, El’arbi M, Koubaa M, Ben Amar C (2010) DCT based blind audio watermarking scheme. In: Proceedings of the international conference on signal processing and multimedia applications, pp 139–144

  13. Cheveau L, Goray E, Salmon R (2001) Watermarking: summary results of EBU tests, In: EBU technical review, pp 8–9

  14. Choong-Hoon L, Hwang-Seok O, Heung-Kyu L (2000) Adaptive video watermarking using motion information. In: Proceedings of the SPIE security and watermarking of multimedia contents II, vol 3971, pp 209–216

  15. Christian N, Jurgen H (1998) Digital watermarking and its influence on audio quality. In: Proceeding of the 105th AES convention, preprint 4823

  16. Cox I, Miller M (2001) Electronic watermarking: the first 50 years. In: Proceedings of the IEEE workshop on multimedia signal processing, pp 225–230

  17. Cox I, Kilian J, Leighton T, Shamoon T (1997) Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia. IEEE Trans Image Process 6(12):1673–1687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. El’arbi M, Ben Amar C (2005) Neural network based image watermarking. In: Proceeding of the 2nd international symposium on computational intelligence and intelligent informatics, pp 135–141

  19. El’arbi M, Ben Amar C, Nicolas H (2006) Video watermarking algorithm based on neural network. In: IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo, pp 1577–1580

  20. El’arbi M, Koubaa M, Ben Amar C (2010) A wavelet networks approach for image watermarking. IJCIIS 1(1):34–43

    Google Scholar 

  21. El’arbi M, Koubaa M, Charfeddine M, Ben Amar C (2010) A dynamic video watermarking algorithm in fast motion areas in the wavelet domain. Multimed Tools Appl 55(3):579–600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. El’Arbi M, Charfeddine M, Masmoudi S, Koubaa M, Ben Amar C (2011) Video watermarking algorithm with BCH error correcting codes hidden in audio channel. In: IEEE symposium series in computational intelligence 2011 - CICS - 2011 IEEE symposium on computational intelligence in cyber security, pp 164–17

  23. Foo S-W, Dong Q (2010) Audio watermarking based on compression-expansion technique. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, pp 680–686

  24. Gosavi CS, Wamekar CS (2010) Study of multimedia watermarking techniques. IJCSIS 8(5):64–72

    Google Scholar 

  25. Haiyan L, Xuefeng Z, Ying W (2008) Analysis of the performance of error correcting coding in audio watermarking. In: 3rd IEEE conference on industrial electronics and applications, pp 843–848

  26. Haykin S (1998) Neural networks: a comprehensive foundation. 2nd Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ. ISBN:0132733501

    Google Scholar 

  27. Koubaa M, Ben Amar C, Nicolas H (2007) Adaptive video watermarking using mosaic images. In: Proceeding of the international conference on signal processing and communications, pp 1143–1146

  28. Koubaa M, El’arbi M, Ben Amar C, Nicolas H (2010) Collusion, MPEG-4 compression and frame dropping resistant video watermarking. International journal of multimedia tools and applications “MTAP”. Springer Netherlands, vol 56, no 2, pp 281–301

    Google Scholar 

  29. Laftsidis C, Tefas A, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I (2003) Robust multibit audio watermarking in the temporal domain. In: Proceeding of the IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems, pp 933–937

  30. Lanxun W, Chao Y, Jiao P (2007) An audio watermark embedding algorithm based on mean-quantization in wavelet domain. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on electronic measurement and instruments, vol 2, pp 423–425

  31. Lie W-N, Chang L-C (2006) Robust and high-quality time-domain audio watermarking based on low-frequency amplitude modification. IEEE Trans Multimedia 8(1):46–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Martinez-Noriega R, Kang H, Kurkoski B, Yamaguchi K, Kobayashi K, Nakano M (2006) Increasing robustness of audio watermarking DM using ATHC codes. In: Proceedings of the Mexican conference on informatics security

  33. Martinez-Noriega R, Nakano M, Yamaguchi K (2010) Self-synchronous time-domain audio watermarking based on coded-watermarks. In: IEEE computer society, pp 135–138

  34. Masmoudi S, Charfeddine M, Ben Amar C (2010) A robust audio watermarking technique based on the perceptual evaluation of audio quality algorithm in the multiresolution domain. In: Proceedings of the 10th IEEE international symposium on signal processing and information technology, pp 326–331

  35. Masmoudi S, Charfeddine M, Ben Amar C (2010) Two audio watermarking schemes using the least significant bit in the transform domains. In: Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE international workshop on multimedia computing and communications

  36. Moon Todd K (2005) Error correction coding. John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey. ISBN 978-0-614Q12471-64800-0

    Book  Google Scholar 

  37. Nikmehr H, Hashemy S-T (2010) A new approach to audio watermarking using discrete wavelet and cosine transforms. In: 1st international conference on communications engineering, pp 1–10

  38. Ozer H, Sankur B, Memon N (2005) An SVD-based audio watermarking technique. In: Proceedings of the multimedia and security workshop, pp 51–56

  39. Petitcolas F, Anderson R, Kuhn MG (1999) Information hiding: a survey. In: Proceeding of the IEEE special issue on protection of multimedia content, vol 87, no 7, pp 1062–1078

  40. Sehirli M, Gürgen FS, Ikizoglu S (2004) Performance evaluation of digital audio watermarking techniques designed in time, frequency and cepstrum domains. In: Proceeding of the international conference on advances in information systems, vol 3261, pp 430–440

  41. Sun Z, Liu J, Sun J, Sun X, Ling J (2009) A motion location based video watermarking scheme using ICA to extract dynamic frames. Neural Comput Appl 18(5):507–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Swanson M, Zhu B, Tewfic A, Boney L (1998) Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking. Signal Process 66(3):337–355

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  43. Uludag U, Arslan L-M (2001) Audio watermarking using DC level shifting. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department. Bogazici University, Turkey, Advanced Topics in Speech Processing Project Report, pp 1–6

  44. Wangn J, Healy R, Timoney J (2011) A robust audio watermarking scheme based on reduced singular value decomposition and distortion removal. Signal Process 91(8):1693–1708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Wu S-Q, Huang J, Huang D, Yun Q (2004) Self-synchronized audio watermark in dwt domain. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on circuits and systems, pp 712–715

  46. Xiaojuan X, Peng H, He C (2007) DWT-based audio watermarking using support vector regression and subsampling. In: Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on fuzzy logic and applications, pp 136–144

  47. Zeng G, Qiu Z (2008) Audio watermarking in DCT: embedding strategy and algorithm. In: Proceedings of 9th international conference on signal processing, pp 2193–2196

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of this work by grants from General Direction of Scientific Research (DGRST), Tunisia, under the ARUB program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Group on Intelligent Machines, University of Sfax, ENIS, BP 1173, Sfax, 3038, Tunisia

    Maha Charfeddine, Maher El’arbi & Chokri Ben Amar

Authors
  1. Maha Charfeddine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maher El’arbi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chokri Ben Amar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maha Charfeddine.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Charfeddine, M., El’arbi, M. & Ben Amar, C. A new DCT audio watermarking scheme based on preliminary MP3 study. Multimed Tools Appl 70, 1521–1557 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1167-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-012-1167-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation