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Neuroprotective effect of geraniol on neurological disorders: a review article

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Abstract

Background

Neurological disorders are structural, biochemical, and electrical abnormalities that affect the peripheral and central nervous systems. Paralysis, muscle weakness, tremors, spasms, and partial or complete loss of sensation are some symptoms of these disorders. Neurorehabilitation is the main treatment for neurological disorders. Treatments can improve the quality of life of patients. Neuroprotective substances of natural origin are used for the treatments of these disorders.

Methods and Results

Online databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus were searched to evaluate articles from 1981-2021 using the Mesh words of geraniol (GER), neurological disorders, epilepsy, spinal cord injury (SCI), Parkinson’s diseases (PD), and depression. A total of 87 studies were included in this review. GER with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects can improve the symptoms and reduce the progression of neurological diseases. GER exhibits neuroprotective effects by binding to GABA and glycine receptors as well as by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and regulating the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization of NLRP3 inflammasome. In this study, the effect of GER was investigated on neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, SCI, PD, and depression.

Conclusion

Although the medicinal uses of GER have been reported, more clinical and experimental studies are needed to investigate the effect of using traditional medicine on improving lifethreatening diseases and the quality of life of patients.

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Data availability

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Abbreviations

WHO:

World Health Organization

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

GABAA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type A

EO:

Essential oil

PTZ:

Pentylenetetrazole

PIC:

Picrotoxin

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

STR:

Strychnine

E1:

Hydroalcoholic extract

CIT:

Citral

GER:

Geraniol

NMDAR1:

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

NF-κB:

Kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

MAPK:

P38 Mitogen-activated protein kinases

SN:

Substantia nigra

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

Cyc 1:

Cytochrome c

α-Syn:

α-Synuclein

MPTP:

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine

MPP+:

1-Methyl-4-phenylpiridinium

DAT:

DA-ergic neurons with dopamine transporter

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

IL-6:

Interleukin

TNF-α:

Tumour necrosis factor

ASC:

Apoptosis-associated specklike protein

CUMS:

Chronic unpredictable mild stress

CNS:

Central nervous system

HB:

Hole board

OF:

Open field

BIST:

Barbiturate-induced sleeping time

CP:

Cisplatin

MWM:

Morris water maze

TQ:

Thymoquinone

FST:

Forced swimming tests

TST:

Tail suspension tests

NLRP3:

Domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the staff of the Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences for supporting this study.

Funding

The current study was funded (IR.UMSHA.REC.1400.771) by Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Shokufeh Bagheri, Iraj Salehi & Alireza Komaki

  2. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Iraj Salehi, Fatemeh Ramezani-Aliakbari & Alireza Komaki

  3. Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami

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SB, IS, FRA, MKA and AK reviewed the literature and drafted the manuscript. SB and AK critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript.

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Bagheri, S., Salehi, I., Ramezani-Aliakbari, F. et al. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol on neurological disorders: a review article. Mol Biol Rep 49, 10865–10874 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-022-07755-w

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