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Conservation of floral, fruit and chromosomal diversity: a review on diploid and polyploid Capsicum annuum complex in India

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Abstract

Capsicum as a spice crop, has wild and cultivated forms admired globally, including Indian subcontinent with vast climatic ranges. Systematic representation of the Indian Capsicum is required to address species relationships and sustainable agriculture, in face of unpredictable climatic conditions. We have updated the catalogue of Indian ‘C. annuum complex’ with 28 landraces and populations from different agro-climatic regions. The agro-climatic influence on the origin of stable chili landraces in India is remarkable, especially in the North East. The floral and fruit morphotype standards and chromosomal attributes have been considered for four distinct ‘C. annuum complex’ members under three species. The highlights of study are: (1) comparative profiling of Indian Capsicum species revealing less infraspecific variation within C. frutescens and C. chinense than C. annuum, at par with cultivation status, (2) karyotype analysis of some unique diploid landraces of C. annuum, (3) karyotypic confirmation of the polyploid Dalle Khursani landraces exclusive to India. To obtain more information, we attempted to correlate diversity of fruit and floral morphotype with chromosomal diversity. Existence of elite and rare germplasm found in the regional pockets offer great scope for enriching the agricultural tradition. The present dataset may serve as a template to be continuously upgraded by taxonomists, genomicists and breeders.

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Acknowledgements

TBJ acknowledges the Principal, Dr. S. Dutta and Head, Dept. of Botany, Maulana Azad College for providing basic facilities.

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  1. Department of Botany, Maulana Azad College, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700113, India

    Timir Baran Jha

  2. Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, 1 and 3, Urquhart Square, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700006, India

    Biplab Kumar Bhowmick

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TJ and BKB equally contributed to writing the article.

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Supplementary file1

(TIF 6283 kb). Comparative plant habits of some less cultivated diploid C. annuum (2n=24) landraces. a Karenga, b Kul (arrow points to inset showing enlarged fruit), c Kalo [arrow points to inset showing leaves of Aakashi (left) and Kalo (right)], d. Sada, e. Round (arrow points to inset showing fruit), f Ghee, g Dhani type I (Jalpaiguri), h Naga jolokia type I (Dibrugarh)

Supplementary file2

(TIF 12058 kb). Plant habits of polyploid (2n=48) C. annuum Dalle Khursani. a type III (Mungpoo), b type I (Darjeeling), c type VII (Jungi) with inset showing flowers and fruits, d type V (Takdah). e–h Leaves of Dalle Khursani populations, e type IV (Kolakham), f type VIII (Sikkim) in comparison with leaf of diploid Aakashi at right, g type VII (Jungi), h Dentate calyx margin and annular constriction at base of calyx (indicated by arrows) in Dalle Khursani flower (type IV, Kolakham). Bar 1cm

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Jha, T.B., Bhowmick, B.K. Conservation of floral, fruit and chromosomal diversity: a review on diploid and polyploid Capsicum annuum complex in India. Mol Biol Rep 48, 5587–5605 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06355-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06355-4

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