Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Correlation of GSTP1 gene variants of male Iraqi waterpipe (Hookah) tobacco smokers and the risk of lung cancer

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Molecular Biology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) play a role in the detoxification of environmental chemicals and mutagens, such as those inhaled during tobacco smoking. There have been conflicting reports concerning GST polymorphisms as risk factors in the development of lung cancer. No studies focused on Arab populations exposed to Waterpipe (WP) tobacco smoke have been undertaken. Here Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and gene sequencing were applied to analyze allelic variations in GSTP1-rs1695 and -rs1138272 amongst 123 lung cancer patients and 129 controls. The data suggest that WP smoking raised the risk of lung cancer more than three-fold (OR 3.6; 95% CI 2.1–6.0; p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant association between individual GSTP1 polymorphisms and the risk of lung cancer. In contrast, analysis of the rs1695 and rs1138272 combination suggested that the risk of lung cancer was raised more than two-fold for carriers of the GSTP1-rs1695 (G) allele (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.0–6.4; p < 0.05), however, the presence of the GSTP1-rs1138272 (T) allele, in addition to GSTP1-rs1695, did not significantly change the risk ratio (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.4–5.7; p < 0.004). WP tobacco smokers who carried the GSTP1-rs1695, but not GSTP1-rs1138272, allele were similarly susceptible to lung cancer (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.1–5.3; p < 0.03). Hence, the results suggest that smoking WP tobacco and carrying GSTP1-rs1695 polymorphisms are risk factors for lung cancer in Arab Iraqi males.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Cancer J Clin 68(6):394–424

    Google Scholar 

  2. Forouzanfar MH et al (2016) Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet 388(10053):1659–1724

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kriek E, Rojas M, Alexandrov K, Bartsch H (1998) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts in humans: relevance as biomarkers for exposure and cancer risk. Mut Res 400(1–2):215–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Gray JN, Srinivas V, Wilson N, Maziak W (2007) Characteristics of U.S. waterpipe users: a preliminary report. Nicotine Tob Res 9(12):1339–1346

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bhatnagar A et al (2019) Water pipe (hookah) smoking and cardiovascular disease risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 139(19):E917–E936

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Al Ali R et al (2015) A comparative study of systemic carcinogen exposure in waterpipe smokers, cigarette smokers and Non-Smokers. Tob Control 24(2):125–127

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. WHO FCTC Control and prevention of waterpipe tobacco products (2014) Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Moscow, Russian Federation, 13–18 Oct 2014. document FCTC/COP/6/11. Sixth session. World Health Organiza.

  8. Helen GS, Benowitz NL, Dains KM, Havel C, Peng M, Jacob P (2014) Nicotine and carcinogen exposure after water pipe smoking in hookah bars. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 23(6):1055–1066

    Google Scholar 

  9. Sheehan D, Meade G, Foley VM, Dowd CA (2001) Structure, function and evolution of glutathione transferases: implications for classification of non-mammalian members of an ancient enzyme superfamily. Biochem J 360(1):1

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Watson MA, Stewart RK, Smith GBJ, Massey TE, Bell DA (1998) Human glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphisms: relationship to lung tissue enzyme activity and population frequency distribution. Carcinogenesis 19(2):275–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Van Lieshout EMM, Peters WHM (1998) Age and gender dependent levels of glutathione and glutathione S-transferases in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 19(10):1873–1875

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Moscow JA et al (1989) Expression of anionic glutathione-S-transferase and P-Glycoprotein genes in human tissues and tumors. Can Res 49(6):1422–1428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Deng N, Zhou H, Fan H, Yuan Y (2017) Single nucleotide polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility. Oncotarget 8(66):231–239

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bhattacharya R, Rose PW, Burley SK, Prlić A (2017) Impact of genetic variation on three dimensional structure and function of proteins. PLoS ONE 12(3):1–22

    Google Scholar 

  15. Fan H et al (2010) A functional polymorphism in the DNA methyltransferase-3A promoter modifies the susceptibility in gastric cancer but not in esophageal carcinoma. BMC Med 8(1):12

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Rintisch C et al (2014) Natural variation of histone modification and its impact on gene expression in the rat genome. Genome Res 24(6):942–953

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu H et al (2014) A novel functional TagSNP Rs7560488 in the DNMT3A1 promoter is associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer by modulating promoter activity. PLoS ONE 9(3):e92911

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Pagenstecher C et al (2006) Aberrant splicing in MLH1 and MSH2 due to exonic and intronic variants. Hum Genet 119(1–2):9–22

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Fang W et al (2014) The functional polymorphism of NBS1 p.Glu185Gln is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in Chinese populations: case–control and a meta-analysis. Mutat Res 770:61–68

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. He H et al (2015) Multiple functional variants in long-range enhancer elements contribute to the risk of SNP rs965513 in thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(19):6128–6133

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dunna NR et al (2014) Association of thymidylate synthase 5’-UTR 28bp tandem repeat and serine hydroxymethyltransfarase C1420T polymorphisms with susceptibility to acute leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15(4):1719–1723

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Xu Q et al (2014) The interaction effects of pri-let-7a-1 rs10739971 with PGC and ERCC6 gene polymorphisms in gastric cancer and atrophic gastritis. PLoS ONE 9(2):e89203

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Ryberg D et al (1997) Genotypes of glutathione transferase M1 and P1 and their significance for lung DNA adduct levels and cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 18(7):1285–1289

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Butkiewicz D, Grzybowska E, Phillips DH, Hemminki K, Chorazy M (2000) Polymorphisms of theGSTP1 andGSTM1 genes and PAH-DNA adducts in human mononuclear white blood cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 35(2):99–105

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Honma HN et al (2008) Influence of p53 codon 72 exon 4, GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1*B polymorphisms in lung cancer risk in a Brazilian population. Lung Cancer 61(2):152–162

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zienolddiny S et al (2008) A comprehensive analysis of phase I and phase II metabolism gene polymorphisms and risk of non-small cell lung cancer in smokers. Carcinogenesis 29(6):1164–1169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang Y, Spitz MR, Schabath MB, Ali-Osman F, Mata H, Wu X (2003) Association between glutathione S-transferase p1 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk in Caucasians: a case-control study. Lung Cancer 40(1):25–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Xin Huang S et al (2013) The glutathione S-transferase P1 341C%3eT polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 28 case-control studies. PLoS ONE 8(2):e56722

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ding F, Li JP, Zhang Y, Qi GH, Song ZC, Yu YH (2019) Comprehensive Analysis of the Association between the rs1138272 Polymorphism of the GSTP1 gene and cancer susceptibility. Front Physiol 10:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  30. Saarikoski ST et al (1998) Combined effect of polymorphic gst genes on individual susceptibility to lung cancer. Int J Cancer 77(4):516–521

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sørensen M, Autrup H, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Raaschou-Nielsen O (2004) Glutathione S-transferase T1 null-genotype is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Int J Cancer 110(2):219–224

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Minina VI et al (2017) Polymorphisms of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 genes and chromosomal aberrations in lung cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 143(11):2235–2243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Malik MA, Upadhyay R, Mittal RD, Zargar SA, Mittal B (2010) Association of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes genetic polymorphisms with esophageal cancer in Kashmir Valley and influence of environmental factors. Nutr Cancer 62(6):734–742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Primack BA et al (2016) Systematic review and meta-analysis of inhaled toxicants from waterpipe and cigarette smoking. Public Health Rep 131(1):76–85

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Strange RC, Lear JT, Fryer AA (1998) Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms: influence on susceptibility to cancer. Chem Biol Interact 111–112(148):351–364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. McKay JA, Murray GI, Ewen SWB, Melvin WT, Burke MD (1994) Immunohistochemical localization of glutathione s-transferases in sarcomas. J Pathol 174(2):83–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Zimniak P et al (1994) Naturally occurring human glutathione S-transferase GSTP1-1 isoforms with isoleucine and valine in position 104 differ in enzymic properties. Eur J Biochem 224(3):893–899

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Perera FP et al (2002) Associations between carcinogen—DNA damage, glutathione S-transferase genotypes, and risk of lung cancer in the prospective Physicians ’ Health Cohort Study. Carcinogenesis 23(10):1641–1646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Cote ML, Kardia SLR, Wenzlaff AS, Land SJ, Schwartz AG (2005) Combinations of glutathione S-transferase genotypes and risk of early-onset lung cancer in Caucasians and African Americans: a population-based study. Carcinogenesis 26(4):811–819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Miller DP et al (2003) Association between self-reported environmental tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer: modification by GSTP1 polymorphism. Int J Cancer 104(6):758–763

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Duell EJ et al (2000) Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes XRCC1 and ERCC2 and biomarkers of DNA damage in human blood mononuclear cells. Carcinogenesis 21(5):965–971

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yamada A, Yamada M, Fujita Y, Nishigami T, Nakasho K, Uematsu K (2001) Self-augmentation effect of male-specific products on sexually differentiated progesterone metabolism in adult male rat liver microsomes. J Biol Chem 276(7):4604–4610

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Hay Kraus BL, Greenblatt DJ, Venkatakrishnan K, Court MH (2000) Evidence for propofol hydroxylation by cytochrome P4502B11 in canine liver microsomes: breed and gender differences. Xenobiotica 30(6):575–588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hemminki K, Försti A, Lorenzo Bermejo J (2008) Etiologic impact of known cancer susceptibility genes. Mutat Res 658(1–2):42–54

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by laboratory investigations department, University of Kufa; (project grant BKK00587). Authors would like to thank Professor Jeffrey Green, the University of Sheffield at the department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology for reviewing, carefully revising, and proofreading of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Laboratory Investigations, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, 54001, Iraq

    Bassam K. Kudhair

  2. Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Physical Planning, University of Kufa, Najaf, 54001, Iraq

    Noralhuda N. Alabid

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran

    Asghar Taheri-Kafrani

  4. Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 10071, Iraq

    Inam J. Lafta

Authors
  1. Bassam K. Kudhair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Noralhuda N. Alabid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Asghar Taheri-Kafrani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Inam J. Lafta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

BKK, NNA, and IJL, carried out the experiments and analyzed data. NNA also contributed by doing the statistical analysis and designing the schematic figures of this study. BKK conceived the study, supervised the experiments, and wrote the paper. AT-K provided extra supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bassam K. Kudhair.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

None of the authors have any non-financial conflict of interest. The authors also declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 101 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kudhair, B.K., Alabid, N.N., Taheri-Kafrani, A. et al. Correlation of GSTP1 gene variants of male Iraqi waterpipe (Hookah) tobacco smokers and the risk of lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 47, 2677–2684 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05359-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05359-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation