Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is a member of TLR family. It recognizes a wide range of bacteria and their products, and is involved in inducing innate immune responses. In this article, we reported inductive expression of TLR2 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent signaling in the Indian major carp, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) which is highly commercially important fish species in the Indian subcontinent. Ontogeny analysis of TLR2, MyD88 and TRAF6 (TNF receptor associated factor 6) genes by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed constitutive expression of these genes in all embryonic developmental stages, indicating their involvement in embryonic innate immune defense system in fish. Tissue specific expression analysis of these genes by qRT-PCR showed their wide distribution in various organs and tissues. Highest expression of TLR2 was in gill, MyD88 in liver and TRAF6 was in kidney. Inductive expression of TLR2, MyD88 and TRAF6 genes were observed following peptidoglycan (PGN)-treatment, and Streptococcus uberis and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and TNF-α in various organs were significantly enhanced by PGN-treatment and bacterial infections, and were closely associated with TLR2 induction. These findings together highlighted the contribution of TLR2 in augmenting innate immunity in fish, and indicated it’s important role in immune surveillance of various organs during pathogenic invasion. This study will enrich the information in understanding the innate immune mechanism in fish, and will be helpful in developing preventive measures against infectious diseases in fish.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (2006) Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124:783–801
Magnadottir B (2006) Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish Shellfish Immunol 20:137–151
Aoki T, Takano T, Santos MD et al (2008) Molecular innate immunity in Teleost fish: review and future perspectives. 5th World fisheries congress, pp 263–276
Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr (1997) Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 91:295–298
Akira S, Takeda K (2004) Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 4:499–511
Medzhitov R (2001) Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 1:135–145
Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S (2003) Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 21:335–376
Akira S (2009) Pathogen recognition by innate immunity and its signaling. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B 85:143–156
Buwitt-Beckmann U, Heine H, Wiesmuller KH et al (2006) TLR1- and TLR6-independent recognition of bacterial lipopeptides. J Biol Chem 281:9049–9057
Takeuchi O, Sato S, Horiuchi T et al (2002) Cutting edge: role of toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins. J Immunol 169:10–14
Bell JK, Mullen GE, Leifer CA et al (2003) Leucine-rich repeats and pathogen recognition in toll-like receptors. Trends Immunol 24:528–533
Grockiego FD, Rabi K, Schmidt J et al (2007) Fatty acids isolated from Toxoplasma gondii reduce glycosylphosphatidylinositol-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Inf Immunity 75:2886–2893
Matsuguchi T, Takagi K, Musikacharoen T et al (2000) Gene expressions of lipopolysaccharide receptors, toll-like receptors 2 and 4, are differently regulated in mouse T lymphocytes. Blood 95:1378–1385
Jault C, Pichon L, Chluba J (2004) Toll-like receptor gene family and TIR-domain adapters in Danio rerio. Mol Immunol 40:759–771
Meijer AH, Gabby Krens SF, Medina Rodriguez IA et al (2004) Expression analysis of the toll-like receptor and TIR domain adaptor families of zebrafish. Mol Immunol 40:773–783
Hirono I, Takami M, Miyata M et al (2004) Characterization of gene structure and expression of two toll-like receptors from Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Immunogenetics 56:38–46
Oshiumi H, Tsujita T, Shida K et al (2003) Prediction of the prototype of the human toll-like receptor gene family from the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes, genome. Immunogenetics 54:791–800
Baoprasertkul P, Peatman E, Abernathy J et al (2007) Structural characterization and expression analysis of toll-like receptor 2 gene from catfish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 22:418–426
Ribeiro CMS, Hermsen T, Taverne-Thiele AJ et al (2010) Evolution of recognition of ligands from Gram-positive bacteria: similarities and differences in the TLR2-mediated response between mammalian vertebrates and teleost fish. J Immunol 184:2355–2368
Li YW, Luo XC, Dan XM et al (2011) Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) TLR2, MyD88 and IL-1β involved in anti-Cryptocaryon irritans response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 30:1230–1240
Wei YC, Pan TS, Chang MX et al (2011) Cloning and expression of toll-like receptors 1 and 2 from a teleost fish, the orange-spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 141:173–182
Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Report (Asia and Pacific Rigion) (2003) FAO, NACA
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410
Swain B, Samanta M, Basu M et al (2011) Molecular characterization, inductive expression and mechanism of interleukin-10 gene induction in the Indian major carp, catla (Catla catla). Aquacult Res doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02904.x
Swain B, Basu M, Sahoo BR et al (2011) Molecular characterization of nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-2, analysis of its inductive expression and down-stream signaling following ligands exposure and bacterial infection in rohu (Labeo rohita). Dev Comp Immunol. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2011.06.018
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C (T)) Method. Methods 25:402–408
Kanther M, Rawls JF (2010) Host-microb interactions in the developing zebrafish. Curr Opin Immunol 22:10–19
Huttenhuis HB, Grou CP, Taverne-Thiele AJ et al (2006) Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) innate immune factors are present before hatching. Fish Shellfish Immunol 20:586–596
Nayak SP, Mohanty BR, Mishra J et al (2011) Ontogeny and tissue-specific expression of innate immune related genes in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton). Fish Shellfish Immunol 30:1197–1201
Van der Sar AM, Stockhammer OW, Van der Laan C et al (2006) MyD88 innate immune function in a zebrafish embryo infection model. Infect Immun 74:2436–2441
Rebl A, Goldammer T, Seyfert HM (2010) Toll-like receptor signaling in bony fish. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 134:139–150
Roach JC, Glusman G, Rowen L et al (2005) The evolution of vertebrate toll-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9577–9582
Wang Q, Dziarski R, Kirschning CJ et al (2001) Micrococci and peptidoglycan activate TLR2→MyD88→IRAK→TRAF→NIK→IKK→NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway that induces transcription of interleukin-8. Infect Immun 69(4):2270–2276
Iwaki D, Mitsuzawa H, Murakami S et al (2002) The extracellular toll-like receptor 2 domain directly binds peptidoglycan derived from Staphylococcus aureus. J Biol Chem 277(27):24315–24320
Means TK, Hayashi F, Smith KD et al (2003) The Toll-like receptor 5 stimulus bacterial flagellin induces maturation and chemokine production in human dendritic cells. J Immunol 170:5165–5175
Im J, Jeon JH, Cho MK et al (2009) Induction of IL-8 expression by bacterial flagellin is mediated through lipid raft formation and intracellular TLR5 activation in A549 cells. Mol Immunol 47:614–622
Rebl A, Goldammer T, Fischer U et al (2009) Characterization of two key molecules of teleost innate immunity from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): MyD88 and SAA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 131:122–126
Kawai T, Akira S (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 11:373–384
Sun JS, Zhao L, Sun L (2011) Interleukin-8 of Cynoglossus semilaevis is a chemoattractant with immunoregulatory property. Fish Shellfish Immunol 30:1362–1367
Basu M, Swain B, Maiti NK, Routray P, Samanta M (2011) Inductive expression of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and associated downstream signaling molecules following ligand exposure and bacterial infection in the Indian major carp, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Fish Shellfish Immunol. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2011.10.031
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the grant of National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) (Project code C4-C30018). We express our sincere gratitude to the Director, CIFA for providing necessary facility to carry out the work. We thank Dr. P. Routray, Senior Scientist, Aquaculture Production and Environment Division, CIFA, for hatchery facility and various suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Basu, M., Swain, B., Sahoo, B.R. et al. Induction of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, and MyD88-dependent TLR- signaling in response to ligand stimulation and bacterial infections in the Indian major carp, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) . Mol Biol Rep 39, 6015–6028 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1415-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1415-9