Abstract
In this article, we examine the Covid-19 experiences of a group of Chinese university students studying in the city of Guangzhou. We draw on journal entries that Chinese students submitted to the Pandemic Journaling Project between March and May 2022, along with follow-up responses in July and December 2022, to argue that these students spent most of their undergraduate years living in a state of “seesaw precarity.” We define seesaw precarity as a protracted period during which many Chinese were unable to predict from one day to the next whether they would be free to engage in the quotidian activities of everyday life. We trace student reactions and adaptations as they struggled to attend class, buy food, and see friends and family in the midst of unpredictable swings between openness and closedness. The seesaw nature of restrictions spurred considerable anxiety among the students we followed, but also produced an optimistic mindset we refer to as “anxious hope.” Participants accepted the necessity of Covid controls and felt it was incumbent upon them as individuals to adjust to this reality. They saw themselves as responsible for actively cultivating a positive mindset. Our findings suggest that the promotion of emotional self-care and anxious hope during the pandemic may have supported the viability of long-term controls as well as the acceptability of their sudden abandonment, while muting the possibility of resistance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Archambault, J. S. (2021). Urban precarity and aspirational compromise: Feeling otherwise in a Mozambican suburb. City & Society, 33(2), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12406
Auyero, J. (2012). Patients of the state: The politics of waiting in Argentina. Duke University Press.
Bai, D.-S., Geng, P., Wang, Z.-D., Wang, X.-L., Xu, G.-R., Ye, Q., Guo, N., Zhao, Y., Yang, C., Song, H., Jiang, G.-Q., & Xu, D.-L. (2022). Practice and experience of regional medical center entrance linkage and closed-loop management under the wartime situation of the COVID-19 in China. Annals of Translational Medicine, 10(2). 112.
Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel optimism. Duke University Press.
Bissell, D. (2007). Animating suspension: Waiting for mobilities. Mobilities, 2(2), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450100701381581
Bloomberg News. (2022). China’s covid zero exit could lead to virus cases surging, over 2 million deaths. Retrieved December 8, 2022, from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-08/end-of-covid-zero-threatens-to-overwhelm-china-with-infections
Butler, J. (2009). Performativity, precarity and sexual politics. AIBR. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana, 4(3), i–xiii.
Cai, Y. T., & Mason, K. A. (2022). Why they willingly complied: Ordinary people, the big environment, and the control of COVID-19 in China. Social Science & Medicine, 309(September), 115239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115239
Cai, Y. T., & Mason, K. A. (2023). ‘Our sacrifices were in vain’: Zero-covid and the betrayal of trust. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 13(2), 308–14.
Cangià, F. (2018). Precarity, imagination, and the mobile life of the ‘trailing spouse’. Ethos, 46(1), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12195
Chacko, E., & Price, M. (2021). (Un)settled sojourners in cities: The scalar and temporal dimensions of migrant precarity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(20), 4597–4614. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731060
Chang, J., Yuan, Y., & Wang, D. (2020). Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of Covid-19 [新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下大学生心理健康状况及影响因素分析】. Journal of Southern Medical University, 40(2), 171–176.
Chen, R.-N., Liang, S.-W., Peng, Y., Li, X.-G., Chen, J.-B., Tang, S.-Y., & Zhao, J.-b. (2020). Mental health status and change in living rhythms among college students in China during the COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale survey. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 137(October), 110219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110219
Cohen, K., & Kupferschmidt, J. (2020). China’s aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb5426
Coutin, S. B., Ashar, S. M., Chacón, J. M., & Lee, S. (2017). Deferred action and the discretionary state: Migration, precarity and resistance. Citizenship Studies, 21(8), 951–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2017.1377153
Crapanzano, V. (2003). Reflections on hope as a category of social and psychological analysis. Cultural Anthropology, 18(1), 3–32.
De Genova, N. (2013). Spectacles of migrant ‘illegality’: The scene of exclusion, the obscene of inclusion. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(7), 1180–1198. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.783710
Dikötter, F. (2016). The cultural revolution: A people’s history, 1962–1976 (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Press.
Donzelli, A. (2023). Subjects to freedom: The entanglements of desire in upland Indonesia. Ethos, 51(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12368
Du, Z., Wang, Y., Bai, Y., Wang, L., Cowling, B. J., & Meyers, L. A. (2023). Estimate of COVID-19 deaths, China, December 2022–February 2023. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2910.230585
Etzold, B., & Fechter, A.-M. (2022). Unsettling protracted displacement: Connectivity and mobility beyond ‘Limbo’. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(18), 4295–4312. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2090153
Fang, F., & Berry, M. (2020). Wuhan diary: Dispatches from a quarantined city. HarperVia.
Farquhar, J., & Zhang, Q. (2005). Biopolitical Beijing: Pleasure, sovereignty, and self-cultivation in China’s capital. Cultural Anthropology, 20(3), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2005.20.3.303
Fearnley, L. (2020). Virulent zones: Animal disease and global health at China’s pandemic epicenter (experimental futures). Duke University Press.
Fischer, E. F. (2014). The good life: Aspiration, dignity, and the anthropology of wellbeing. Stanford University Press.
Fong, V. L. (2004). Only hope: Coming of age under China’s one-child policy. Stanford University Press.
Fu, W., Yan, S., Zong, Q., Anderson-Luxford, D., Song, X., Lv, Z., & Lv, C. (2021). Mental health of college students during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 280(February), 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.032
Gao, Z., Pang, J., & Zhou, H. (2022). The economics of marriage: Evidence from China. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01400-4
Glanz, J., Hvistendahl, M., & Chang, A. (2023, February 15). How deadly was China’s Covid wave? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/02/15/world/asia/china-covid-death-estimates.html
Gopalan, M., Linden-Carmichael, A., & Lanza, S. (2022). College students’ sense of belonging and mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(2), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.10.010
Graham-Harrison, E., & Kuo, L. (2020, March 19). China’s coronavirus lockdown strategy: Brutal but effective. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/19/chinas-coronavirus-lockdown-strategy-brutal-but-effective
Guangzhou Municipal Command Centre for the Prevention and Control of Covid-19. (2020). Notice on the Prevention and Control of Covid-19 (No. 4). http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/guangzhou/2020-03/04/c_460098.htm
Hall, S. S., & Zygmunt, Eva. (2021). ‘I hate it here’: Mental health changes of college students living with parents during the COVID-19 quarantine. Emerging Adulthood. https://doi.org/10.1177/21676968211000494
Hou, Y., & Mingxi, Du. (2020). Entry, transition and exit: The innovation of the government news release mechanism for major public health events—taking Guangdong Epidemic Prevention and Control Series News Releases as an Example. Modern Communication [现代传播], 42(9), 119–124.
Huang, S.-M. (1990). The spiral road. Routledge.
Jacobsen, C. M., & Karlsen, M.-A. (2021). Introduction: Unpacking the temporalities of irregular migration. In Waiting and the temporalities of irregular migration. Taylor & Francis. https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/42592
Jacobsen, C. M., Karlsen, M.-A., & Khosravi, S. (Eds.). (2021). Waiting and the temporalities of irregular migration. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429351730
James, E. C. (2010). Democratic insecurities: Violence, trauma, and intervention in Haiti. University of California Press.
Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2022, from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
Johnson-Hanks, J. (2005). When the future decides: Uncertainty and intentional action in contemporary Cameroon. Current Anthropology, 46(3), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1086/428799
Keck, F. (2020). Avian reservoirs: Virus hunters and birdwatchers in Chinese sentinel posts. Duke University Press.
Khosravi, S. (2021). Afterword: Waiting, a state of consciousness. In C. M. Jacobsen, M.-A. Karlsen, & S. Khosravi (Eds.), Waiting and the temporalities of irregular migration (pp. 202–207). Routledge.
Kiebler, J. M., & Stewart, A. J. (2022). Student experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perspectives from first-generation/lower-income students and others. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 22(1), 198–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/asap.12288
Kleinman, A., & Watson, J. L. (2006). SARS in China: Prelude to pandemic? Stanford University Press.
Kleist, N., & Jansen, S. (2016). Introduction: Hope over time—crisis, immobility and future-making. History and Anthropology, 27(4), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/02757206.2016.1207636
Kuan, T. (2015). Love’s uncertainty: The politics and ethics of child rearing in contemporary China. University of California Press.
Lederer, A. M., Hoban, M. T., Lipson, S. K., Zhou, S., & Eisenberg, D. (2021). More than inconvenienced: The unique needs of U.S. college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Health Education & Behavior, 48(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198120969372
Lee, B.-O., & Kirmayer, L. J. (2022). Spirit mediumship and mental health: Therapeutic self-transformation among Dang-Kis in Singapore. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-021-09765-y
Lee, J., Jeong, H. J., & Kim, S. (2021). Stress, anxiety, and depression among undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic and their use of mental health services. Innovative Higher Education, 46(5), 519–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-021-09552-y
Li, Q., Wang, L., Wang, B., & Lu, H. (2021a). The COVID-19-designated hospitals in China: Preparing for public health emergencies. Emerging Microbes & Infections, 10(1), 998–1001. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2021.1931467
Li, Y., Zhang, G., & Chen, R. (2022). Investigation and countermeasures on the depression of college students after the outbreak of covid-19 [新冠疫情后大学生抑郁情绪的调查研究与对策探讨]. Psychology Monthly [心理月刊], 23(17), 207–216.
Li, Y., Zhao, J., Ma, Z., McReynolds, L. S., Lin, D., Chen, Z., Wang, T., et al. (2021b). Mental health among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic in China: A 2-wave longitudinal survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 281(February), 597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.109
Ling, M., & Zhang, J. (2023). Introduction: Zero-COVID was forever, until it was no more. HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 13(2), 264–71.
MacPhail, T. (2015). The viral network: A pathography of the H1N1 influenza pandemic. Cornell University Press.
Mason, K. A. (2016). Infectious change: reinventing Chinese public health after an epidemic. Stanford University Press.
Mason, K. A. (2020a). Chrono-socialism with Chinese characteristics: Temporal balancing and moralities of time in contemporary urban China. American Anthropologist, 122(4), 852–863.
Mason, K. A. (2020b). When the ghosts live in the nursery: Postpartum depression and the grandmother-mother-baby triad in Luzhou, China. Ethos. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12277
Matza, T. (2009). Moscow’s echo: Technologies of the self, publics, and politics on the Russian talk show. Cultural Anthropology, 24(3), 489–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2009.01038.x
Millar, K. M. (2014). The precarious present: Wageless labor and disrupted life in Rio de Janeiro. Brazil. Cultural Anthropology, 29(1), 32–53. https://doi.org/10.14506/ca29.1.04
Peng, X., Liu, L., Liang, S., Chen, J., & Zhao, J. (2022). Longitudinal changes in fear and anxiety among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A one-year follow-up study. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03487-z
People’s Government of Guangzhou Municipality. (2022). “Meeting of the Guangzhou COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control Leading Group” [广州市新冠肺炎疫情防控领导小组(指挥部)召开会议]. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://www.gz.gov.cn/xw/gzyw/content/post_8289503.html
Peteet, J. (2018). Closure’s temporality: The cultural politics of time and waiting. South Atlantic Quarterly, 117(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-4282037
Qu, R. (2022). The quest for a good life: Incense seeing and the porous and dividual hoping person in North China. American Anthropologist, 124(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/aman.13719
Rieger, M. O., & Wang, M. (2022). Trust in government actions during the COVID-19 crisis. Social Indicators Research, 159(3), 967–989. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02772-x
Rose, N. (2009). The politics of life itself: Biomedicine, power, and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton University Press.
Skrabut, K. (2018). Housing the contingent life course: Domestic aspiration and extreme poverty in Peruvian Shantytowns. City & Society, 30(2), 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/ciso.12145
Spence, J. D. (1990). The search for modern China. W. W. Norton & Company.
Tran, A. (2017). Neurasthenia, generalized anxiety disorder, and the medicalization of worry in a Vietnamese Psychiatric Hospital. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 31(2), 198–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12297
Tran, A. (2023). A life of worry: Politics, mental health, and Vietnam’s age of anxiety. University of California Press.
van Roekel, E. (2018). Traumatic home: Argentinian victimhood and the everyday moral comfort of trauma. Ethos, 46(4), 537–556. https://doi.org/10.1111/etho.12218
Wang, L., Yan, B., & Boasson, V. (2020). A national fight against COVID-19: Lessons and experiences from China. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 44(6), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.13042
Willen, S. S., Baines, K., & Ennis-McMillan, M. C. (2023). Cultivating voice and solidarity in times of crisis: Ethnographic online journaling as a pedagogical tool. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-023-09832-6
Willen, S. S., & Mason, K. A. (2023). Data for: The pandemic journaling project, phase one (PJP-1). QDR Main Collection. https://doi.org/10.5064/F6PXS9ZK
Willen, S. S., Selim, N., Mendenhall, E., Lopez, M., Chowdhury, S. A., Dilger, H., & Migration and Group Health in Social Context Working. (2021). Flourishing: Migration and health in social context. BMJ Global Health, 6(Suppl 1), e005108. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005108
World Health Organization. (2023). China: WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) dashboard with vaccination data. https://covid19.who.int
Woronov, T. E. (2016). Class work: Vocational schools and China’s urban youth. Stanford University Press.
Wurtz, H. M., Willen, S. S., & Mason, K. A. (2022). Introduction: Journaling and mental health during COVID-19: Insights from the pandemic journaling project. SSM—Mental Health, 2(December), 100141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100141
Xiao, H., Wang, Z., Liu, F., & Unger, J. M. (2023). Excess all-cause mortality in China after ending the zero COVID policy. JAMA Network Open, 6(8), e2330877. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30877
Xinhua News Service. (2022). Has the prevention and control policy been adjusted recently? How is the epidemic developing? Latest response of the State Council’s Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism [防控政策近期是否调整?疫情发展态势如何?国务院联防联控机制最新回应]. Retrieved November 6, 2022, from https://www.gzdaily.cn/amucsite/web/index.html#/detail/1937551
Yan, Y. (2003). Private life under socialism: Love, intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese village, 1949–1999. Stanford University Press.
Yang, J. (2018). “Officials’ Heartache”: Depression, Bureaucracy, and Therapeutic Governance in China. Current Anthropology, 59(5), 596–615. https://doi.org/10.1086/699860
Yang, L. (2017). For young people, what kind of existence is Guangzhou? [对年轻人而言, 广州是个什么样的存在]. In South Winds Magazine Editorial Board (Ed.), The story of Guangzhou [广州故事] (pp. 156–160). Flower City Publishing House.
Ye, S. (2020). Guangzhou biography. Guangdong People’s Publishing House.
Zhang, L. (2014). Bentuhua: Culturing psychotherapy in postsocialist China. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 38(2), 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-014-9366-y
Zhang, L. (2020). Anxious China: Inner revolution and politics of psychotherapy. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520975392
Zhang, L., & Ong, A. (2008). Privatizing China: socialism from Afar. Cornell University Press.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank all participating students, their institutions, and the entire PJP team.
Funding
Mason’s time, and the Pandemic Journaling Project platform, were supported in part by the National Science Foundation (BCS-2148566 and BCS-2032407). Mason also acknowledges the support of the Population Studies and Training Center, which is funded by a National Institutes of Health center grant (P2C HD041020), and the Humanities Research Fund of Brown University. This paper analyzes data from the Pandemic Journaling Project (PJP), which was founded in May 2020 by Sarah S. Willen and Katherine A. Mason as a joint initiative of the University of Connecticut and Brown University. PJP has been supported by multiple sponsors at the University of Connecticut and Brown University, including each university's Office of the Vice President for Research as well as UConn's Global Affairs, Human Rights Institute, and Humanities Institute and Brown's Population Studies and Training Center. More information about the Pandemic Journaling Project can be found at https://pandemic-journaling-project.chip.uconn.edu/. In China, Xie’s work was supported by a Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences (GZASS) Grant (Grant # 2021GZGJ195) and a Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University (GPNU) Research Talent Grant (Grant # 2021SDKYB044).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Mason declares that she has no conflict of interest. Xie declares that she has no conflict of interest. On behalf of both authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Brown University and Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University ethics review boards, and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mason, K.A., Xie, J. Seesaw Precarity: Journaling Anxious Hope on a Chinese University Campus During Covid-19. Cult Med Psychiatry 48, 66–90 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-024-09846-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11013-024-09846-8