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In major affective disorders, early life trauma predict increased nitro-oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and recurrence of major affective disorders, suicidal behaviors and a lowered quality of life

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Abstract

Early life trauma (ELT) may increase the risk towards bipolar disorder (BD) and major depression (MDD), disorders associated with activated neuro-oxidative and neuro-nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways. It has remained elusive whether ELTs are associated with O&NS and which ELTs are associated with distinct affective disorder phenotypes. This case-control study examined patients with BD (n = 68) and MDD (n = 37) and healthy controls (n = 66). The Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to assess specific ELT. We measured malondialdehyde (MDA), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP); NO metabolites (NOx), paraoxonase 1 activity, zinc, albumin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and -SH groups and computed z-unit weighted composite scores. Physical neglect significantly predicts higher z-unit weighted composite scores of LOOH+SOD, LOOH+SOD+NOx, LOOH+SOD+NOx + MDA and LOOH+SOD+NOx + AOPP. Sexual abuse was associated with a significantly lower composite score of zinc+albumin+SH. Emotional abuse was associated with severity of depression and anxiety, number of depressive and manic episodes, alcohol and hypnotics use, lifetime suicidal behavior and lowered quality of life. Sexual abuse was associated with an increased risk towards BD, but not MDD. ELT, especially physical neglect, may drive increased (nitro-)oxidative stress coupled with lipid and protein oxidation, which - together with emotional abuse - may play a role in severity of illness, lowered quality of life and MDD. ELTs are also associated with the onset of BD, but this link did not appear to be related to activated O&NS pathways. These novel findings deserve confirmation in prospective studies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the Centre of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, Psychiatric Unit at UEL, Clinical Laboratory of the University Hospital and Laboratory of Research and Graduate College Hospital (LPG), Brazil.

Funding

This study was supported by Health Sciences Postgraduate Program at Londrina State University, Parana, Brazil (UEL), and Ministry for Science and Technology of Brazil (CNPq). CNPq number 470344/2013–0 and CNPq number 465928/2014–5. MM is supported by a CNPq - PVE fellowship and the Health Sciences Graduate Program fellowship, State University of Londrina.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch 60, Londrina, PR, 86035-380, Brazil

    Juliana Brum Moraes, Michael Maes, Kamila Landucci Bonifacio, Decio Sabbatini Barbosa, Heber Odebrecht Vargas & Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Michael Maes & Chutima Roomruangwong

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

    Michael Maes

  4. Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands

    Michael Maes

  5. IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic, Australia

    Michael Maes

  6. IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, PO Box 281, Geelong, 3220, Australia

    Michael Maes

  7. CRC Scotland & London, London, UK

    George Anderson

  8. Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

    Marta Kubera

  9. Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

    Andre F. Carvalho

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  1. Juliana Brum Moraes
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  2. Michael Maes
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  3. Chutima Roomruangwong
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  4. Kamila Landucci Bonifacio
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  5. Decio Sabbatini Barbosa
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  10. Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the writing up of the paper. The work was designed by SOVN, MM, HOV and JBM. Data were collected by SOVN, JBM and HOV. Laboratory analyses were conducted by KLB and DSB. Statistics were performed by MM. MM, GA, CR, MK and AFC revised the manuscript and provided relevant intellectual content. All authors revised and approved the final draft.

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Correspondence to Michael Maes.

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Moraes, J.B., Maes, M., Roomruangwong, C. et al. In major affective disorders, early life trauma predict increased nitro-oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and recurrence of major affective disorders, suicidal behaviors and a lowered quality of life. Metab Brain Dis 33, 1081–1096 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-018-0209-3

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