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Energy Homeostasis and Obesity: The Therapeutic Role of Anorexigenic and Orexigenic Peptide

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Abstract

The brain detects changes in energy depots and actuates metabolic and behavioral responses planned to hold energy balance. Hunger, appetite, and satiety are often regarded as functions of the brain. In short, the hypothalamus opponent sets of the neuronal network: stimulatory and inhibitory—appetite neuronal network. This circuit is acted upon by hormone and sensory nervous signals that provide feedback and consolidative processing of nutritional status, energy intake and expenditure. The stimulatory appetite network released orexigenic neurotransmitter which encourages appetite, while anorexigenic neurotransmitter released by inhibitory appetite network decrease appetite. Knowledge about the physiology of appetite has immensely expanded in late years providing potential targets for anti-obesity drug design. This review furnishes a study of the peptides that have been concerned with appetite physiology and energy homeostasis and also includes their therapeutic application (agonist and antagonist).

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Abbreviations

WHO:

World Health Organization

BMI:

Mass index

CCK:

Cholecystokinin

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

OXM:

Oxyntomodulin

PYY:

Peptide YY

NTS:

Nucleus tracts solitarius

GPCR-G:

Protein-coupled receptor

ARC:

Arcuate nucleus

VMN:

Ventromedial nuclei

IGF-2:

Insulin-like growth factor-2

POMC:

Preopiomelanocortin

AgRP:

Agouti-related protein

NPY:

Neuropeptide YY

CART:

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript

PVN:

Paraventricular nucleus

DMH:

Dorsomedial hypothalamus

LHA:

Lateral hypothalamic area

CRH:

Corticotrophin releasing factor

LIF:

Leukaemia inhibitory factor

MSH:

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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  1. Chirag A. Patel

    Present address: SSR Memorial Trust, SSR College of Pharmacy, Sayli Road, Silvassa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 396230, India

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, SSR College of Pharmacy, Silvassa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, 396230, India

    Chirag A. Patel & Sanjeev R. Acharya

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Patel, C.A., Acharya, S.R. Energy Homeostasis and Obesity: The Therapeutic Role of Anorexigenic and Orexigenic Peptide. Int J Pept Res Ther 25, 919–932 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-018-9740-7

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