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From the Russian/Soviet landscape concept to the geosystem approach to integrative environmental studies in an international context

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Abstract

Context

The geosystem paradigm emerged in the USSR in the 1960s and offered improved operational tools for landscape assessment. However, its contributions to integrative environmental studies have yet to be widely recognized at an international level.

Objectives

The first objective of this paper is to describe the conceptual origins of the geosystem approach to resource management and its evolution in an international context. The second objective is to discuss its potential for enriching other methodologies used in integrative environmental studies.

Methods

The paper is based on a review of the European and Latin American literature on the geosystem concept and its use in integrative territorial and environmental studies. It traces the historic, epistemic and sociocultural trajectories of this paradigm. It also identifies some of the opportunities it offers and some of its weaknesses, and the problems that the geosystem paradigm can help to identify and resolve in contemporary integrative environmental studies.

Results

The trajectory of the geosystem paradigm in Russia and the USSR and its adaptation in several countries have demonstrated its usefulness for integrative territorial and environmental studies in different contexts and its complementarity with other scientific frameworks, such as Ecosystem Services and Landscape Ecology.

Conclusions

Geosystem-based approaches can contribute to international Landscape science and integrative socio-ecological and territorial frameworks with the theoretical and methodological findings made over its more than 50-year history. The lessons learned from the evolution of the geosystem scientific paradigm will be useful for further studies and actions on environmental sustainability.

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Notes

  1. The term “geosystem” in Russian was suggested by Sochava in (1963). It appeared in English in 1967 (Stoddart 1967), in French in 1968 (Bertrand 1968) and in German in 1967 (Neff 1967).

  2. Vertical geosystem layers named after their dominant component: lithological, bio-edaphological, bio-aerial, etc.

  3. The concept of anthropogenic landscape centered on material products of human activities in a landscape originates in the German Landschaftskunde (Schlüter 1920).

  4. The last one was formed by researchers from Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM) and Institute of Tropical Geography of the University of the Ivory Coast.

  5. The concept of ES first appeared at the beginning of the 1980 s as a pedagogical instrument to raise social awareness of the wide range of services that ecosystems provide to people, so justifying the need to protect them. Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), it has become a very widely used and politicized tool for decision-making processes in the field of environmental conservation.

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Acknowledgements

I thank José Muñoz-Rojas and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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  1. Institute for Regional Development and Department of Regional and Physical Geography, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain

    Marina Frolova

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Frolova, M. From the Russian/Soviet landscape concept to the geosystem approach to integrative environmental studies in an international context. Landscape Ecol 34, 1485–1502 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-018-0751-8

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