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Mixed convection of a nanofluid in a three-dimensional channel

Effect of opposed buoyancy force on hydrodynamic parameters, thermal parameters and entropy generation

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Abstract

The paper presents the mixed convection heat transfer and entropy generation of a nanofluid containing carbon nanotubes, flowing in a 3D rectangular channel, subjected to opposed buoyant forces. The governing equations, including the continuity, momentum and energy equations, have been numerically solved using the finite volume technique. The results, including the contours of the axial velocity and temperature, have been presented for different values of the opposed buoyancy parameter (− 300 < Ω < − 100). The outcomes show that with an increase in the opposed buoyancy parameter, the nanofluid velocity near the channel wall drastically reduces and, therefore, causes a reduction in the Nusselt number. In addition, due to the occurrence of backflow phenomenon, an increment of the opposed buoyancy parameter enhances the total entropy generation along the channel. In brief, the friction-induced entropy generation is negligible compared with the entropy generation due to heat transfer. Finally, by increasing the value of the opposed buoyancy parameter, the ratio of the heat transfer rate to irreversibility decreases within the system.

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Abbreviations

A d :

Cross-sectional area

Be :

Bejan number

C f :

Surface friction coefficient

C p :

Specific heat/J (kg K)−1

CHT:

Convection heat transfer

d :

Diameter of the nanotube

D h :

Hydraulic diameter

g :

Gravitational acceleration/m s−2

Gr :

Grashof number

H :

Channel height

h :

Heat transfer coefficient/W (m2 K−1)

k :

Thermal conductivity

L :

Channel length

M :

Ratio of nanotubes Radii

N s :

Nondimensional entropy generation

Nu :

Nusselt number

P :

Pressure/pa

Q :

Total heat transfer

q w :

Heat flux

Re :

Reynolds number

Ri :

Richardson number

S g :

Entropy generation

T :

Temperature/K

T o :

Average temperature

V :

Velocity/m s−1

W :

Channel width

x, y, z :

Cartesian coordinates

X, Y, Z :

Dimensionless Cartesian coordinates

u, v, w :

Velocity in x, y, z directions, respectively

β :

Volumetric expansion coefficient/K−1

δ :

Boundary layer thickness

θ:

Non-dimensional temperature

μ :

Dynamic viscosity

φ :

Volume fraction

ρ :

Density

Ω :

Buoyancy parameter

b:

Bulk

bf:

Base fluid

eff:

Effective

nf:

Nanofluid

np:

Nanoparticle

in:

Inlet

w:

Wall

x, y, z:

Coordinate directions

0:

Reference condition

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran

    Mohsen Izadi & Amir Karimdoost Yasuri

  2. Mechanical Engineering Department, Bushehr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bushehr, Iran

    S. M. R. Hashemi Pour

  3. Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Sultan Endowment for Energy and Environment, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al-Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia

    Ali J. Chamkha

  4. RAK Research and Innovation Center, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, P.O. Box 10021, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates

    Ali J. Chamkha

Authors
  1. Mohsen Izadi
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  2. S. M. R. Hashemi Pour
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  3. Amir Karimdoost Yasuri
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  4. Ali J. Chamkha
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Correspondence to Mohsen Izadi.

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Izadi, M., Hashemi Pour, S.M.R., Karimdoost Yasuri, A. et al. Mixed convection of a nanofluid in a three-dimensional channel. J Therm Anal Calorim 136, 2461–2475 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7889-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7889-0

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