Abstract
The present work deals with numerical investigations on heat transfer characteristics and friction factor of aqueous CuO nanofluids flow in a set of four microchannels connected in parallel under laminar regime. For each single phase, volume of fluid, mixture and Eulerian models, a particular computer code is developed to carefully simulate this problem. The three-dimensional steady-state governing equations are solved through finite volume method. The primary aim of this study is to comparatively distinguish the most appropriate and accurate model for numerical studies of nanofluids in microchannels. The results are compared with one another and the data obtained from an experimental work. Regarding the results, an acceptable consistency is observed for all models with the experimental data. The current study truly demonstrates that applying single-phase model to simulate and evaluate the laminar flow of CuO–water nanofluid inside microchannels with uniform wall temperature is more modest, precise and reliable compared with two-phase models.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- A :
-
Heat transfer surface (m2)
- a :
-
Acceleration (m s−2)
- h :
-
Convective heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)
- C d :
-
Drag coefficient
- d p :
-
Nanoparticle diameter (m)
- C p :
-
Specific heat (J Kg−1 K−1)
- k :
-
Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
- F :
-
Force (N)
- F d :
-
Drag force (Pa m−1)
- F vm :
-
Virtual mass force (Pa m−1)
- f :
-
Friction factor
- f drag :
-
Drag function
- g :
-
Gravity acceleration (m s−2)
- h v :
-
Volumetric heat transfer coefficient (W m−3 K−1)
- D H :
-
Hydrodynamic diameter (m)
- h p :
-
Liquid-particle heat transfer coefficient (W m−2 K−1)
- L :
-
Channel length (m)
- Nu:
-
Average Nusselt number (hD/k)
- P :
-
Pressure (pa)
- Pr:
-
Prandtl number (Cpμ/k)
- Re:
-
Reynolds number (ρUD/μ)
- T :
-
Temperature (K)
- V :
-
Velocity (m s−1)
- Kn :
-
Knudsen number
- \(\mu\) :
-
Fluid dynamic viscosity (kg m−1 s−1)
- \(\rho\) :
-
Mass density (kg m−3)
- \(\varphi\) :
-
Volume concentration
- \(\beta\) :
-
Friction coefficient (kg m−3 s−1)
- α :
-
Thermal diffusivity (m2 s−1)
- η :
-
Viscosity (Pa s)
- b:
-
Bulk
- dr:
-
Drift
- eff:
-
Effective
- h:
-
Hot
- f:
-
Base fluid
- m:
-
Mixture
- f:
-
Fluid
- nf:
-
Nanofluid
- p:
-
Nanoparticles
- w:
-
Wall
References
Choi SUS. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nano-particles. ASME-FED. 1994;231:99–105.
Mohammed H, Al-Aswadi A, Abu-Mulaweh H, Hussein AK, Kanna P. Mixed convection over a backward-facing step in a vertical duct using nanofluids-buoyancy opposing case. J Comput Theor Nanosci. 2014;11:1–13.
Ahmed S, Hussein AK, Mohammed H, Sivasankaran S. Boundary layer flow and heat transfer due to permeable stretching tube in the presence of heat source/sink utilizing nanofluids. Appl Math Comput. 2014;238:149–62.
Chand R, Rana G, Hussein AK. Effect of suspended particles on the onset of thermal convection in a nanofluid layer for more realistic boundary conditions. Int J Fluid Mech Res. 2015;42(5):375–90.
Chand R, Rana G, Hussein AK. On the onset of thermal Instability in a low Prandtl number nanofluid layer in a porous medium. J Appl Fluid Mech. 2015;8(2):265–72.
Dogonchi AS, Ganji DD. Investigation of MHD nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a stretching/shrinking convergent/divergent channel considering thermal radiation. J Mol Liq. 2016;220:592–603.
Mashayekhi R, Khodabandeh E, Bahiraei M, Bahrami L, Toghraie D, Akbari OA. Application of a novel conical strip insert to improve the efficacy of water–Ag nanofluid for utilization in thermal systems: a two-phase simulation. Energ Convers Manag. 2017;151:573–86.
Dogonchi A, Alizadeh M, Ganji D. Investigation of MHD go-water nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a porous channel in the presence of thermal radiation effect. Adv Powder Technol. 2017;28(7):1815–25.
Ahmadi AA, Khodabandeh E, Moghadasi H, et al. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6798-y.
Arabpour A, Karimipour A, Toghraie D. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131:1553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6649-x.
Hemmat Esfe M, Esfandeh S, Rejvani M. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131:1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6680-y.
Selimefendigil F, Chamkha AJ. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7037-x.
Pourfayaz F, Sanjarian N, Kasaeian A, et al. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131:1577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6500-4.
Moraveji MK, Razvarz S. Experimental investigation of aluminium oxide nanofluid on heat pipe thermal performance. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2012;39:1444–8.
Vijayakumar M, Navaneethakrishnan P, Kumaresan G. Thermal characteristics studies on sintered wick heat pipe using CuO and Al2O3 nanofluids. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 2016;79:25–35.
Sadeghinezhad E, Mehrali M, Rosen MA, Akhiani AR, Latibari ST, Mehrali M, Metselaar HSC. Experimental investigation of the effect of graphene nanofluids on heat pipe thermal performance. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;100:775–87.
Mohanraj C, Dineshkumar R, Muguran G, Experimental studies on effect of the heat transfer with Cuo-H2O nanofluid on flat plate heat pipe. In: 5th International Conference of Materials Proc A. Characterization, ICMPC 2016, Materials Today: Proceedings4; 2017. pp. 3852–3860.
Barzegarian R, Moraveji MK, Aloueyan A. Experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics and pressure drop of BPHE (brazed plate heat exchanger) using TiO2–water nanofluid. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci. 2016;74:11–8.
Raei B, Shahraki F, Jamialahmadi M, Peyghambarzadeh SM. Experimental study on the heat transfer and flow properties of γ-Al2O3/water nanofluid in a double-tube heat exchanger. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017;127(3):2561–75.
Barzegarian R, Aloueyan A, Yousefi T. Thermal performance augmentation using water based Al2O3-gamma nanofluid in a horizontal shell and tube heat exchanger under forced circulation. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2017;86:52–9.
Bahiraei M, Rahmani R, Yaghoobi A, Khodabandeh E, Mashayekhi R, Amani M. Recent research contributions concerning use of nanofluids in heat exchangers: a critical review. Appl Therm Eng. 2018;133:137–59.
Yousefi T, Veysi F, Shojaeizadeh E, Zinadini S. An experimental investigation on the effect of Al2O3–HO nanofluid on the efficiency of flat-plate solar collectors. Renew Energy. 2012;39(1):293–8.
Khodabandeh E, Safaei MR, Akbari S, Akbari OA, Alrashed AAAA. Application of nanofluid to improve the thermal performance of horizontal spiral coil utilized in solar ponds: geometric study. Renew Energy. 2018;122:1–16.
Mahian O, Kianifar A, Kalogirou SA, Pop I, Wongwises S. A review of the applications of nanofluids in solar energy. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2013;57:582–94.
Stalin PMJ, Arjunan TV, Matheswaran MM, et al. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6865-4.
Trisaksri V, Wongwises S. Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of TiO2-R141b nanofluids. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2009;52(5–6):1582–8.
Bi S, Guo K, Liu Z, Wu J. Performance of a domestic refrigerator using TiO2-R600a nano-refrigerant as working fluid. Energy Convers Manag. 2011;52:733–7.
Saidur R, Kazi SN, Hossain MS, Rahman MM, Mohammed HA. A review on the performance of nanoparticles suspended with refrigerants and lubricating oils in refrigeration systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:310–23.
Celen A, Çebi A, Aktas M, Mahian O, Dalkilic AS, Wongwises S. A review of nanorefrigerants: flow characteristics and applications. Int J Refrig. 2014;44:125–40.
Sun B, Yang D. Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of Nanorefrigerants in horizontal tube. Int J Refrig. 2014;38(1):206–14.
Sheikholeslami M, Darzi M, Sadoughi MK. Heat transfer improvement and pressure drop during condensation of refrigerant-based nanofluid; an experimental procedure. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2018;122:643–50.
Leong KY, Saidur R, Kazi SN, Mamun AM. Performance investigation of an automotive car radiator operated with nanofluid-based coolants (nanofluid as a coolant in a radiator). Appl Therm Eng. 2010;30:2685–92.
Peyghambarzadeh SM, Hashemabadi SH, Hoseini SM, Seifi JM. Experimental study of heat transfer enhancement using water/ethylene glycol based nanofluids as a new coolant for car radiators. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2011;38:1283–90.
Ali HM, Ali H, Liaquat H, Maqsood HTB, Nadir MA. Experimental investigation of convective heat transfer augmentation for car radiator using ZnO–water nanofluids. Energy. 2015;84:317–24.
Ali HM, Arshad W. Thermal performance investigation of staggered and inline pin fin heat sinks using water based rutile and anatase TiO2 nanofluids. Energy Convers Manag. 2015;106:793.
Arshad W, Ali HM. Graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids thermal and hydrodynamic performance on integral fin heat sink. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2017;107:995–1001.
Khoshvaght-Aliabadi M, Hassani SM, Mazloumi SH. Enhancement of laminar forced convection cooling in wavy heat sink with rectangular ribs and Al2O3/water nanofluids. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci. 2017;89:199–210.
Khoshvaght-Aliabadi M, Sartipzadeh O, Pazdar S, Sahamiyan M. Experimental and parametric studies on a miniature heat sink with offset-strip pins and Al2O3/water nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng. 2017;111:1342–52.
Azizi Z, Alamdari A, Malayeri MR. Convective heat transfer of Cu–water nanofluid in a cylindrical microchannel heat sink. Energy Convers Manag. 2015;101:515–24.
Azizi Z, Alamdari A, Malayeri MR. Thermal performance and friction factor of a cylindrical microchannel heat sink cooled by Cu-water nanofluid. Appl Therm Eng. 2016;99:970–8.
Shamsi MR, Akbari OA, Marzban A, Toghraie D, Mashayekhi R. Increasing heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluid in rectangular microchannel with triangular ribs. Physica E Low Dimens Syst Nanostruct. 2017;93:167–78.
Rezaei O, Akbari OA, Marzban A, Toghraie D, Pourfattah F, Mashayekhi R. The numerical investigation of heat transfer and pressure drop of turbulent flow in a triangular microchannel. Physica E Low Dimens Syst Nanostruct. 2017;93:179–89.
Gravndyan Q, Akbari OA, Toghraie D, Marzban A, Mashayekhi R, Karimi R, Pourfattah F. The effect of aspect ratios of rib on the heat transfer and laminar water/TiO2 nanofluid flow in a two-dimensional rectangular microchannel. J Mol Liq. 2017;236:254–65.
Topuz A, Engin T, Alper Özalp A, et al. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131:2843. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6790-6.
Toghraie D, Abdollah MMD, Pourfattah F, et al. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131:1757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6624-6.
Arabpour A, Karimipour A, Toghraie D, et al. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2018;131:2975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6813-3.
Nguyen CT, Roy G, Gauthier C, Galanis N. Heat transfer enhancement using Al2O3 -water nanofluid for an electronic liquid cooling system. Appl Therm Eng. 2007;27:1501–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.09.028.
Chein R, Chuang J. Experimental microchannel heat sink performance studies using nanofluids. Int J Therm Sci. 2007;46(1):57–66.
Roberts NA, Walker DG. Convective performance of nanofluids in commercial electronics cooling systems. Appl Therm Eng. 2010;30:2499–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.06.023.
Khodabandeh E, Abbasi A. Performance optimization of water–Al2O3 nanofluid flow and heat transfer in trapezoidal cooling microchannel using constructal theory and two phase Eulerian–Lagrangian approach. Powder Technol. 2018;323:103–14.
Ho CJ, Wei LC, Li ZW. An experimental investigation of forced convective cooling performance of a microchannel heat sink with Al2O3/water nanofluid. Appl Therm Eng. 2010;30(2–3):96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.07.003.
Jang SP, Choi SUS. Cooling performance of a microchannel heat sink with nanofluids. Appl Therm Eng. 2006;26:2457–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.02.036.
Kalteh M, Abbassi A, Saffar-Avval M, Frijns A, Darhuber A, Harting J. Experimental and numerical investigation of nanofluid forced convection inside wide microchannel heat sink. Appl Therm Eng. 2012;36:260–8.
Byrne MD, Hart RA, da Silva AK. Experimental thermal–hydraulic evaluation of CuO nanofluids in microchannels at various concentrations with and without suspension enhancers. Int J Heat Mass Transf. 2012;55(9–10):2684–91.
Moraveji MK, Ardehali RM. CFD modeling (comparing single- and two-phase approach) on thermal performance of Al2O3/water nanofluid in mini-channel heat sink. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2013;44:157–64.
Savithiri S, Pattamatta A, Das SK. Scaling analysis for the investigation of slip mechanisms in nanofluids. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2011;6:471.
Moraveji MK, Darabi M, Hossein Haddad SM, Davarnejad R. Modeling of convective heat transfer of a nanofluid in the developing region of tube flow with computational fluid dynamics. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2011;38:1291–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2011.06.011.
Moraveji MK, Hejazian M. Modeling of Turbulent forced convective heat transfer and friction factor in a tube for Fe3O4 magnetic nanofluid with computational fluid dynamics. Int Commun Heat Mass Transf. 2012;39:1293–6.
Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD. Heat transfer of Cu-water nanofluid flow between parallel plates. Powder Technol. 2013;235:873–9.
Chon CH, Kihm KD, Lee SP, Choi SUS. Empirical correlation finding the role of temperature and particle size for nanofluid (Al2O3) thermal conductivity enhancement. Appl Phys Lett. 2005;87(15):153107.
Manninen M, Taivassalo V, Kallio S: On the mixture model for multiphase flow. Technical Research Centre of Finland: VTT Publications 288; 1996.
Mokhtari Moghari R, Akbarinia A, Shariat M, Talebi F, Laur R. Two phase mixed convection Al2O3–water nanofluid flow in an annulus. Int J Multiph Flow. 2011;37(6):585–95.
Wakao N, Kaguei S. Heat and mass transfer in packed beds. New York: Routledge; 1982.
Akbari M, Galanis N, Behzadmehr A. Comparative assessment of single and two-phase models for numerical studies of nanofluid turbulent forced convection. Int J Heat Fluid Flow. 2012;37:136–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Keshavarz Moraveji, M., Barzegarian, R., Bahiraei, M. et al. Numerical evaluation on thermal–hydraulic characteristics of dilute heat-dissipating nanofluids flow in microchannels. J Therm Anal Calorim 135, 671–683 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7181-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7181-3