Abstract
The non-isothermal crystallization of the polyamide 66 (PA66) reinforced with 15 mass% glass fibers and/or 0.4 mass% carbon black has been the object of a thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry with various cooling rates ranging from 2 to 25 °C min−1. The modified Avrami’s equation, Ozawa’s theory and Mo’s method were applied to study the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of neat PA66 and the PA66 composites. The activation energies of non-isothermal crystallization were calculated by Kissinger method. The results showed that the Mo’s method can successfully account for the overall non-isothermal crystallization kinetics for neat PA66 and PA66 composites. The modified Avrami’s method and Ozawa’s approach as well did not apply satisfactorily. It was also revealed that GF and CB could accelerate the crystallization rates of PA66. The combined effect of GF and CB was shown to be stronger than that of GF only in spite of rather low CB content.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Thomason JL. The influence of fibre length and concentration on the properties of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene. 6. The properties of injection moulded long fibre PP at high fibre content. Compos A. 2005;36:995–1003.
Cayer-Barrioz J, Ferry L, Frihi D, Cavalier K, Seguela R, Vigier G. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of polyamide 66-precipitated calcium carbonate composites: influence of the particle surface treatment. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006;100:989–99.
Frihi D, Masenelli-Varlot K, Vigier G, Satha H. Mixed percolating network and mechanical properties of polypropylene/talc composites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2009;114:3097–105.
Ding Q, Zhang Z, Wang C, Jiang J, Li G, Mai K. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and morphology of wollastonite-reinforced β-isotactic polypropylene composites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2014;115:675–88.
Rudzinski S, Häussler L, Harnisch C, Mäder E, Heinrich G. Glass fibre reinforced polyamide composites: thermal behaviour of sizings. Compos A. 2011;42:157–64.
Thomason JL. Structure–property relationships in glass-reinforced polyamide. Part 1: the effects of fiber content. Polym Compos. 2006;27:552–62.
Mouhmid B, Imad A, Benseddiq N, Benmedakhène S, Maazouz A. A study of the mechanical behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polyamide 66: experimental investigation. Polym Test. 2006;25:544–52.
Hsiao BS, Chang IY, Sauer BB. Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ether-ketone-ketone) and its carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. Polymer. 1991;32:2799–805.
Avella M, Della Volpe GD, Martuscelli E, Raimo M. Trans-crystallinity phenomena in a polypropylene/kevlar fiber system. I: influence of crystallization conditions. Polym Eng Sci. 1992;32:376–82.
Reinsch VE, Rebenfeld L. The influence of fibers on the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephtalate) as related to processing of composites. Polym Compos. 1992;13:353–60.
Thomason JL, van Rooyen AA. Trans-crystalline interface in thermoplastic composites. I. Influence of fiber type and crystallization temperature. J Mater Sci. 1992;27:889–96.
Jonas A, Legras R. Crystallization and chain adsorption of poly(ether-ether-ketone) in discontinuous pitch-derived carbon finer composites. Polym Compos. 1993;14:491–502.
Gresco AJ, Phillips PJ. The role of epitaxy in the development of morphology in carbon-fiber composites. J Adv Mater. 1994;25:51–60.
Schulz E, Kalinka G, Auersch W. Effect of trans-crystallization in carbon fiber reinforced poly(p-phenylene sulfide) composites on the interfacial shear strength investigated with the single fiber pull-out test. J Macromol Sci Phys. 1996;B35:527–46.
Klein N, Marom G, Wachtel E. Microstructure of PA66 trans crystalline layers in carbon and aramid fiber reinforced composites. Polymer. 1996;24:5493–8.
Klein N, Selivanski D, Marom G. The effects of a nucleating agent and of fibers on the crystallization of nylon 66 matrices. Polym Compos. 1995;16:189–97.
Feldman AY, Gonzalez MF, Wachtel E, Moret MP, Marom G. Trans-crystallinity in aramid and carbon fiber reinforced nylon 66: determining the lamellar orientation by synchrotron X-ray micro diffraction. Polymer. 2004;45:7239–45.
Chabert B, Chauchard J, Cinquin J. Etude par DSC de la cristallisation non isotherme de matrices PA66 en presence de fibres de verre. Macromol Symp. 1987;9:99–111.
Heiser JA, King JA, Konell JP, Sutter LL. Electrical conductivity of carbon-filled nylon 66. Adv Polym Technol. 2004;23:135–46.
Chang L, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Schlarb AK. On the sliding wear of nanoparticle filled polyamide 66 composites. Compos Sci Technol. 2006;66:3188–98.
Zhang GQ, Sun F, Gao LP, Wang LN, Shao M, Liu JQ. Thermodynamics properties and isothermal crystallization kinetics of carbon black/poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites. J Compos Mater. 2007;41:1477–85.
Konell JP, King JA, Miskioglu I. Tensile modulus modeling of carbon-filled nylon 66 and polycarbonate-based resins. J Appl Polym Sci. 2003;90:1716–28.
Yuan QA, Wate S, Misra RDK. Non-isothermal crystallization behavior of melt-intercalated polyethylene–clay nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci. 2006;102:3809–18.
Jia Z, Zeng F, Yuan Q, Misra RDK. Carbon nanotube-induced structure and phase evolution in polymer-based nanocomposites crystallized at elevated pressures. Mater Sci Eng B. 2012;177:666–72.
Li L, Li C, Ni C, Rong YL, Hsiao B. Structure and crystallization behavior of nylon 66/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites at low carbon nanotube contents. Polymer. 2007;48:3452–60.
Göschel U, Lutz W, Davidson NC. The influence of a polymeric nucleating additive on the crystallization in glass fibre reinforced polyamide 6 composites. Compos Sci Technol. 2007;67:2606–15.
Rhoades AM, Williams JL, Androsch R. Crystallization kinetics of polyamide 66 at processing-relevant cooling conditions and high supercooling. Thermochim Acta. 2014;603:103–9.
Deshmukh GS, Peshwe DR, Pathak SU, Ekhe JD. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of poly(butylene terephthalate) and calcium carbonate nanocomposites. Thermochim Acta. 2015;606:66–76.
Qiu S, Zheng Y, Zeng A, Guo Y, Li B. Non-isothermal crystallization of monomer casting polyamide 6/functionalized MWNTs nanocomposites. Polym Bull. 2011;67:1945–59.
Hinrichsen G, Lux F. Crystallization kinetics of highly reinforced glass fibre/polyamide 6 composites. Polym Bull. 1990;24:79–86.
Arroyo M, Lopez-Manchado MA, Avalos F. Crystallization kinetics of polypropylene: II. Effect of the addition of short glass fibres. Polymer. 1997;38:5587–93.
Layachi A, Frihi D, Gherib S, Stoclet G, Masenelli-Varlot K, Satha H, Seguela R. Crystallization of glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 composites: influence of glass-fiber content and carbon black (to be submitted).
Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. II. Transformation–time relations for random distribution of nuclei. J Chem Phys. 1940;8:212–24.
Liu X, Wu Q. Non-isothermal crystallization behaviors of polyamide 66/clay nanocomposites. Eur Polym J. 2002;38:1383–9.
Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. I. General theory. J Chem Phys. 1939;7:1103–12.
Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. III. Granulation, phase change, and microstructure. J Chem Phys. 1941;9:177–84.
Jeziorny A. Parameters characterizing the kinetics of the non-isothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene-terephthalate) determined by DSC. Polymer. 1978;19:1142–4.
Zhang J, Chen S, Su J, Shi X, Jin J, Wang X, Xu Z. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of EAA with different acrylic acid content. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2009;97:959–67.
Basavaraj E, Ramaraj B, Lee JH. Microstructure, thermal, physico-mechanical and tribological characteristics of molybdenum disulphide-reinforced polyamide 66/carbon black composites. Polym Eng Sci. 2013;53:1676–86.
Ozawa T. Kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization. Polym J. 1971;12:150–8.
Liu T, Mo Z, Zhang H. Non-isothermal crystallization behavior of a novel poly(aryl-ether-ketone). J Appl Polym Sci. 1998;67:815–21.
Deshmukh GS, Peshwe DR, Pathak SU, Ekhe JD. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of poly(butylene-terephthalate) composites based on different types of functional fillers. Thermochim Acta. 2014;58:41–53.
Shi J, Yang X, Wang X, Lu L. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of nylon 6/attapulgite nanocomposites. Polym Test. 2010;29:596–602.
Kissinger HE. Variation of peak temperature with heating rate in differential thermal analysis. J Res Natl Bur Stand. 1956;57:217–21.
Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to Professor K. Masenelli-Varlot (MATEIS, INSA Lyon, France) for assistance in the SEM experiments. The authors are also grateful to Solvay (Centre de Recherche de Saint Fons, France) for providing the materials of this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Layachi, A., Frihi, D., Satha, H. et al. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of polyamide 66/glass fibers/carbon black composites. J Therm Anal Calorim 124, 1319–1329 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5286-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-016-5286-0