Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improved mechanical property, thermal performance, flame retardancy and fire behavior of lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam nanocomposite

  • Published:
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Liquefied lignin-based polyol (LBP) was successfully obtained by liquefying calcium lignosulphonate with a polyhydroxy alcohol mixture, which can substitute 30 % petroleum-based polyether polyol to prepare rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF). In an effort to reduce the flammability and smoke release from RPUF, liquefied LBP in combination with commercial flame retardant polyol (FRP), polyurethane microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and organically modified layered double hydroxide (OLDH) were used to fabricate halogen-free flame retardant RPUF nanocomposite. The influences of incorporating LBP, FRP, MAPP and OLDH into RPUF on the thermal conductivity, mechanical property, thermal performance, flame retardancy and fire behaviors of RPUFs were comprehensively investigated. It is noteworthy that simultaneously incorporating LBP, FRP, MAPP and OLDH into RPUF can significantly improve the mechanical property, thermal performance, flame retardancy and fire behavior of RPUF. The improved flame retardancy and fire behavior of RPUF are attributable to combined effects among LBP, FRP, MAPP and OLDH in gas phase and condensed phase.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Levchik SV, Weil ED. Thermal decomposition, combustion and fire-retardancy of polyurethanes-a review of the recent literature. Polym Int. 2004;53:1585–610.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Chiellini E, Cinelli P, Chiellini F, Imam SH. Environmentally degradable bio-based polymeric blends and composites. Macromol Biosci. 2004;4:218–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Petrović ZS. Polyurethanes from vegetable oils. Polym Rev. 2008;48:109–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ionescu M, Wan X, Bilić N, Petrovic ZS. Polyols and rigid polyurethane foams from cashew nut shell liquid. J Polym Environ. 2012;20:647–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lora JH, Glasser WG. Recent industrial applications of lignin: a sustainable alternative to nonrenewable materials. J Polym Environ. 2002;10:39–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Stewart D. Lignin as a base material for materials applications: chemistry, application and economics. Ind Crops Prod. 2008;27:202–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hatakeyama H. Lignin structure, properties, and applications. Adv Polym Sci. 2010;232:1–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Pan H. Synthesis of polymers from organic solvent liquefied biomass: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:3454–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Evtuguin DV, Andreolety JP, Gandini A. Polyurethanes based on oxygen organosolv lignin. Eur Polym J. 1998;34:1163–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cateto CA, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE. Monitoring of lignin based polyurethanes synthesis by FTIR-ATR. Ind Crops Prod. 2008;27:168–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hatakeyama H, Hirogaki A, Matsumura H, Hatakeyama T. Glass transition temperature of polyurethane foams derived from lignin by controlled reaction rate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2013;114:1075–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wu LCF, Glasser WG. Polyurethane adhesives and coatings from modified lignin. J Appl Polym Sci. 1984;9:1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Hatakeyama H, Kosugi R, Hatakeyama T. Thermal properties of lignin- and molasses-based polyurethane foams. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;92:419–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nadji H, Bruzzese C, Belgacem MN, Benaboura A, Gandini A. Oxypropylation of lignins and preparation of rigid polyurethane foams from the ensuing polyols. Macromol Mater Eng. 2005;209:1009–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cateto CA, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE, Belgacem MN. Optimization study of lignin oxypropylation in view of the preparation of polyurethane rigid foams. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2009;48:2583–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gao LP, Zheng GY, Zhou YH, Hu LH, Feng GD. Thermal performances and fire behaviors of rosin-based rigid polyurethane foam nanocomposites. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2015;119:411–24. doi:10.1007/s10973-014-4192-6.

  17. Jasiukaityté E, Kunaver M, Crestini C. Lignin behaviour during wood liquefaction-characterization by quantitative 31P, 13C NMR and size-exclusion chromatography. Catal Today. 2010;156:23–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. D’Souza J, Yan N. Producing bark-based polyols through liquefaction: effect of liquefaction temperature. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2013;1:534–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hatakeyama T, Quinn FX. Thermal analysis, fundamentals and applications to polymer science. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang H, Pang H, Ji H, Fu T, Liao B. Investigation of liquefied wood residues based on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. J Appl Polym Sci. 2012;123:850–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Thirumal M, Khastgir D, Nando GB, Naik YP, Singh NK. Halogen-free flame retardant PUF: effect of melamine compounds on mechanical, thermal and flame retardant properties. Polym Degrad Stab. 2010;95:1138–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Gao LP, Zheng GY, Zhou YH, Hu LH, Feng GD, Zhang M. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite, diethyl ethylphosphonate and organically-modified layered double hydroxide on flame retardancy and fire behavior of polyisocyanurate–polyurethane foam nanocomposite. Polym Degrad Stab. 2014;101:92–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Thirumal M, Khastgir D, Singha NK, Manjunath BS, Naik YP. Mechanical, morphological and thermal properties of rigid polyurethane foam: effect of the fillers. Cell Polym. 2007;26:245–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lu SY, Hamerton I. Recent developments in the chemistry of halogen-free flame retardant polymers. Prog Polym Sci. 2002;27:1661–712.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hatakeyamaa T, Matsumoto Y, Asano Y, Hatakeyama H. Glass transition of rigid polyurethane foams derived from sodium lignosulfonate mixed with diethylene, triethylene and polyethylene glycols. Thermochim Acta. 2004;416:29–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Matusinovic Z, Wilkie CA. Fire retardancy and morphology of layered double hydroxide nanocomposites: a review. J Mater Chem. 2012;22:18701–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kashiwagi T, Du FM, Douglas JF, Winey KI, Harris RH, Shields JR. Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites. Nat Mater. 2005;4:928–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Modestia M, Lorenzettia A, Simionia F, Checchinb M. Influence of various flame retardants on fire behavior of modified PIR/PUR polymers. Polym Degrad Stab. 2001;74:475–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Blomfeldt TOJ, Nilsson F, Holgate T, Xu JX, Johansson E, Hedenqvist MS. Thermal conductivity and combustion properties of wheat gluten foams. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2012;4:1629–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. BK20130071) and the National 12th Five-year Science and Technology Support Plan (Grant No. 2012BAD32B05).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, National Engineering and Technology Research Center of Forest Chemical Industry, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Nanjing, 210042, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China

    Liping Gao, Guangyao Zheng, Yonghong Zhou, Lihong Hu & Guodong Feng

Authors
  1. Liping Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Guangyao Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yonghong Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lihong Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Guodong Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guangyao Zheng.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gao, L., Zheng, G., Zhou, Y. et al. Improved mechanical property, thermal performance, flame retardancy and fire behavior of lignin-based rigid polyurethane foam nanocomposite. J Therm Anal Calorim 120, 1311–1325 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4434-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4434-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation