Abstract
Isotactic polypropylenes (iPP) samples were incorporated with two β-nucleating agents (NT-A and NT-C), respectively, and their non-isothermal crystallization and subsequent melt behaviors were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimeter. Jeziorny, Ozawa, and Mo methods were used to analyze non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of pure iPP and β-nucleated iPP samples. The activation energies (ΔE) of non-isothermal crystallization were calculated by Kissinger method. And the nucleation activities were calculated according to the Dobreva method. It is found that the crystallization temperature decreases and the crystallization rate increases with increasing cooling rate. The crystallization temperature and crystallization rate of nucleated iPP are higher than those of pure iPP. The order of ΔE is NT-A/iPP > pure iPP > NT-C/iPP. NT-C is more efficient than NT-A as a β-nucleating agent. But the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of α- and β-phases cannot be determined separately. The present results should be considered with caution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Norton DR, Keller A. The spherulitic and lamellar morphology of melt-crystallized isotactic polypropylene. Polymer. 1985;26:704–16.
Lovinger AJ, Chua JO, Gryte CC. Studies on the α- and β-forms of isotactic polypropylene by crystallization in temperature gradient. J Polym Sci: Polym Phys Ed. 1977;15:641–56.
Varga J, Karger-Kocsis J. Rules of supermolecular structure formation in sheared isotactic polypropylene melts. J Polym Sci B. 1996;34:657–70.
Leugering HJ. Einfluss der Kristallstuktur und Überstuktur auf einige Eigeschaften von Polypropylen. Makromol Chem. 1967;109:204–16.
Fujiyama M. Structures and properties of injection moldings of β-crystal nucleator-added polypropylenes. Part 1. Effect of β-crystal nucleator content. Int Polym Proc. 1995;X:172–8.
Fujiyama M. Structures and properties of injection moldings of β-crystal nucleator-added polypropylenes. Part 3. Comparison of nucleating effect between γ-quinacridone and quinacridonequinone. Int Polym Proc. 1996;XI:271–4.
Varga J, Menyhard A. Effect of solubility and nucleating duality of N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxamide on the supermolecular structure of isotactic polypropylene. Macromolecules. 2007;40:2422–31.
Lu Q, Dou Q. Crystalline form transformation of isotactic polypropylene induced by N,N′-diphenyl glutaramide. e-Polymers. 2008;76:1–11.
Dou Q. Effect of N,N′-diphenyl adipamide on the formation of the β-crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci. 2009;111:1738–44.
Lu Q, Dou Q. β-crystal formation of isotactic polypropylene induced by N,N′-dicyclohexylsuccinamide. J Polym Res. 2009;16:555–60.
Varga J, Stoll K, Menyhard A, Horvath Z. Crystallization of isotactic polypropylene in the presence of β-nucleating agent based on a trisamide of trimesic acid. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011;121:1469–80.
Shi G, Zhang X, Qiu Z. Crystallization kinetics of β-phase polypropylene. Makromol Chem. 1992;193:583–91.
Varga J, Mudra I, Ehrenstein GW. Highly active thermally stable β nucleating agents for isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci. 1999;74:2357–68.
Menyhárd A, Varga J, Molnár G. Comparison of different β-nucleators for isotactic polypropylene, characterisation by DSC and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC) measurements. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2006;83:625–30.
Dou Q. Effect of metallic salts of pimelic acid and crystallization temperatures on the formation of β crystalline form in isotactic poly(propylene). J Macromol Sci B. 2007;46:1063–80.
Dou Q, Lu QL, Li HD. Effect of metallic salts of malonic acid on the formation of β crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene. J Macromol Sci B. 2008;47:900–12.
Dou Q, Lu QL, Li HD. Effect of metallic salts of glutaric acid on the formation of β-crystalline form in isotactic polypropylene. J Elastomers Plast. 2009;41:509–22.
Feng JC, Chen MC, Huang ZT, Guo YQ, Hu HQ. Effects of mineral additives on the β-crystalline form of isotactic polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci. 2002;85:1742–8.
Zeng AR, Zheng YY, Qiu SC, Guo Y. Isothermal crystallization and melting behavior of polypropylene with lanthanum complex of cyclodextrin derivative as a β-nucleating agent. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011;121:3651–61.
Zhang Z, Chen CY, Wang CG, Guo JQ, Mai KC. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with a novel supported β-nucleating agent. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2011;103:311–8.
Duan QJ, Wang B, Hong BD, Wang HP. Studies on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of polypropylene/multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposites. J Macromol Sci B. 2010;49:1094–104.
Xu LL, Zhang XJ, Xu K, Lin SQ, Chen MC. Variation of non-isothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene with varying β-nucleating agent content. Polym Int. 2010;59:1441–50.
Qin J, Chen XL, Yu J, Wang Y, Tian YZ, Wu S. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene containing nucleating agent and dispersant. J Appl Polym Sci. 2010;117:1047–54.
Tjong SC, Xu SA. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of calcium carbonate-filled β-crystalline phase polypropylene composites. Polym Int. 1997;44:95–103.
Ahangari MG, Fereidoon A, Kordani N, Garmabi H. Effect of nano-nucleating agent addition on the isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene. Polym Bull. 2011;66:239–58.
Yang ZG, Zhang ZS, Tao YJ, Mai KC. Effects of polyamide 6 on the crystallization and melting behavior of β-nucleated polypropylene. Eur Polym J. 2008;44:3754–63.
Yang ZG, Mai KC. Nonisothermal crystallization and melting behavior of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene and polyamide 66 blends. J Appl Polym Sci. 2011;119:3566–73.
Yi QF, Wen XJ, Dong JY, Han CC. A novel effective way of comprising β-nucleating agent in isotactic polypropylene (i-PP): polymerized dispersion and polymer characterization. Polymer. 2008;49:5053–63.
Tao YJ, Pan YX, Zhang ZS, Mai KC. Non-isothermal crystallization, melting behavior and polymorphism of polypropylene in β-nucleated polypropylene/recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. Eur Polym J. 2008;44:1165–74.
Yang ZG, Chen CY, Liang DW, Zhang ZS, Mai KC. Melting characteristic and β-crystal content of β-nucleated polypropylene/polyamide 6 alloys prepared using different compounding methods. Polym Int. 2009;58:1366–72.
Zhao SC, Cai Z, Xin Z. A highly active novel β-nucleating agent for isotactic polypropylene. Polymer. 2008;49:2745–54.
Shan HF, Lickfield GC. Crystallization kinetics study of polyethylene. Int J Polym Anal Charact. 2007;12:327–38.
Supaphol P, Thanomkiat P, Phillips RA. Influence of molecular characteristics on non-isothermal melt-crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polypropylene. Polym Test. 2004;23:881–95.
Zhang YF, Li X, Wei XS. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with 1,3:2,4-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene) sorbitol. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;100:661–5.
Varga J. Melting memory effect of the β-modification of polypropylene. J Therm Anal. 1986;31:165–72.
Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. I. General theory. J Chem Phys. 1939;7:1103–12.
Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. II. Transformation-time relation for random distribution of nuclei. J Chem Phys. 1940;8:212–24.
Avrami M. Kinetics of phase change. III. Granulation, phase change and microstructure. J Chem Phys. 1941;99:177–84.
Jeziorny A. Parameters characterizing the kinetics of the non-isothermal crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) determined by DSC. Polymer. 1978;19:1142–4.
Ozawa T. Kinetics of non-isothermal crystallization. Polymer. 1971;12:150–8.
Liu TX, Mo ZS, Zhang HF. Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of a novel poly(aryl ether ketone): PEDEKmK. J Appl Polym Sci. 1998;67:815–21.
Wang JB, Dou Q. Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and melting behaviors of isotactic polypropylene/N,N′,N″-tris-tert.butyl-1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxamide. J Macromol Sci B. 2008;47:629–42.
Kissinger H. Variation of peak temperature with heating rate in differential thermal analysis. J Res Natl Bur Stand. 1956;57:217–21.
Wei ZY, Zhang WX, Chen GY, Liang JC, Yang S, Wang P, Liu LA. Crystallization and melting behavior of isotactic polypropylene nucleated with individual and compound nucleating agents. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2010;102:775–83.
Dobreva A, Gutzow I. Activity of substrates in the catalyzed nucleation of glass-forming melts. I. Theory. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1993;162:1–12.
Dobreva A, Gutzow I. Activity of substrates in the catalyzed nucleation of glass-forming melts. II. Experimental evidence. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1993;162:13–25.
Chen YH, Mao YM, Li ZM, Hsiao BS. Competitive growth of α and β-crystals in β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene under shear flow. Macromolecules. 2010;43:6760–71.
Menyhárd A, Dora G, Horváth Z, Faludi G, Varga J. Kinetics of competitive crystallization of β- and α-modifications in β-nucleated iPP studied by isothermal stepwise crystallization technique. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012. doi:10.1007/s10973-011-1900-3.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shi, YH., Dou, Q. Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of β-nucleated isotactic polypropylene. J Therm Anal Calorim 112, 901–911 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2611-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2611-0