Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of temperature-dependent microstructural and nanomechanical properties of phase pure V2O5

  • Original Paper: Nano-structured materials (particles, fibers, colloids, composites, etc.)
  • Published:
Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Phase pure, mesoporous, and crystalline V2O5 is synthesized by acid hydrolysis technique and subsequently heat treatment is carried out at 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C in air. The as-synthesized and heat-treated powders are thoroughly studied by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and spectroscopic techniques. A unique morphological tuning of V2O5 powders from as small as ~80 nm tiny nanorod to as large as a ~2.5 μm hexagonal grain as microstructural unit blocks is observed. A qualitative mechanism is suggested for particle growth. Further, the powders are pelletized and subsequently sintered in air at the same temperatures of 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C at which the powders were heat treated. Finally, nanomechanical properties of bulk pelletized V2O5 such as nanohardness and Young’s modulus are also evaluated by nanoindentation technique at nine different loads e.g., 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 300, 500, 700, and 1000 mN.

Highlights

  • Phase pure, mesoporous, and crystalline V2O5 powder synthesized by acid hydrolysis.

  • V2O5 powders thoroughly studied as a function of various heat treatment temperatures.

  • Morphology tuned from nanorod to hexagonal micron sized grain.

  • Qualitative model suggested for particle growth mechanism.

  • Load-dependent nanoindentation studied on various sintered V2O5 pellets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tong Z, Liu S, Li X, Ding Y, Zhao J, Li Y (2016) Facile and controllable construction of vanadium pentoxide @ conducting polymer core/shell nanostructures and their thickness-dependent synergistic energy storage properties. Electrochim Acta 222:194–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang R, Yanga S, Denga R, Chena W, Liu Y, Zhang H, Zakharova GS (2015) Enhanced gas sensing properties of V2O5 nanowires decorated with SnO2 nanoparticles to ethanol at room temperature. RSC Adv 5:41050–41058

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Wei Z, Liu D, Hsu C, Liu F (2014) All-vanadium redox photo-electrochemical cell: an approach to storesolar energy. Electrochem Commun 45:79–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chimowa G, Tshabalala ZP, Akande AA, Bepete G, Mwakikunga B, Raya SS, Benechada EM (2017) Improving methane gas sensing properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by vanadium oxide filling. Sens Actuators B 247:11–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Butt FK, Cao C, Idrees F, Tahir M, Hussain R, Alshemarya AZ (2015) Fabrication of V2O5 super long nanobelts: optical, in situ electrical and field emission properties. New J Chem 39:5197–5202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Rong Y, Cao Y, Guo N, Li Y, Jia W, Jia D (2016) A simple method to synthesize V2O5 nanostructures with controllable morphology for high performance Li-ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 222:1691–1699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kainthla I, Babu GVR, Bhanushali JT, Keri RS, Rao KSR, Nagaraja BM (2017) Vapor-phase dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene over a V2O5/TiO2–Al2O3 catalyst with CO2. New J Chem 41:4173–4181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tong Z, Li N, Lv H, Tian Y, Qu H, Zhang X, Zhao J, Li Y (2016) Annealing synthesis of coralline V2O5 nanorod architecture for multicolour energy-efficient electrochromic device. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 146:135–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Pandit B, Dubal DP, Sankapal BR (2017) Large scale flexible solid state symmetric supercapacitor through inexpensive solution processed V2O5 complex surface architecture. Electrochim Acta 242:382–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Saravanakumar B, Purushothaman KK, Muralidharan G (2012) Interconnected V2O5 nanoporous network for high-performance supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:4484–4490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Reddy RN, Reddy RG (2006) Porous structured vanadium oxide electrode material for electrochemical capacitors. J Power Sources 56:700–704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Kong L, Taniguchi I (2016) Correlation between porous structure and electrochemical properties of porous nanostructured vanadium pentoxide synthesized by novel spray pyrolysis. J Power Sources 312:36–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kong L, Taniguchi I (2017) Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of porous nanostructured vanadium pentoxide with mesopores and macropores. Mater Lett 190:266–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Song H, Zhang C, Liu Y, Liu C, Nan X, Cao G (2015) Facile synthesis of mesoporous V2O5 nanosheets with superior rate capability and excellent cycling stability for lithium ion batteries. J Power Sources 294:1–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Xie C, Cheng C, Yang J, Hou J, Liu D, Liu S, Han J, Zhang Y, Xu M (2016) A nest-like hierarchical porous V2O5 as a high-performance cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Ceram Int 42:16956–16960

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Karatchevtseva I, Zhang Z, Hanna J, Luca V (2006) Electro-synthesis of macroporous polyaniline- V2O5 nanocomposites and their unusual magnetic properties. Chem Mater 18:4908–4916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Liu Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Zhou N, Uchaker E, Cao G (2011) Porous nanostructured V2O5 film electrode with excellent Li-ion intercalation properties. Electrochem Commun 13:1276–1279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang HE, Chen DS, Cai Y, Zhang RL, Xu JM, Deng Z, Zheng XF, Li Y, Bello I, Su BL (2014) Facile synthesis of hierarchical and porous V2O5microspheres as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 418:74–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Thiagarajana S, Thaiyan M, Ganesan R (2015) Physical properties exploration of highly oriented V2O5 thin films prepared by electron beam evaporation. New J Chem 39:9471–9479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Cheah YL, Aravindan V, Madhavi S (2012) Improved elevated temperature performance of al-intercalated V2O5 electrospun nanofibers for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:3270–3277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Zoubi MA, Farag HK, Endres F (2009) Sol–gel synthesis of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles in air- and water-stable ionic liquids. J Mater Sci 44:1363–1373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sowmiyanarayan R, Santhanalakshmi J (2012) Novel synthesis of MoO3 nanobelts and V2O5 nano flakes and the characterization. Nano Vis 2:49–60

    Google Scholar 

  23. Adhikari A, Oraon R, Tiwari SK, Lee JH, Kim NH, Nayak GC (2017) A V2O5 nanorod decorated graphene/polypyrrole hybrid electrode: a potential candidate for supercapacitors. New J Chem 41:1704–1713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Hakim SA, Liu Y, Zakharova GS, Chen W (2015) Synthesis of vanadium pentoxide nanoneedles by physical vapour deposition and their highly sensitive behaviour towards acetone at room temperature. RSC Adv 5:23489–23497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Li Z, Zhu Q, Huang S, Jiang S, Lu S, Chen W, Zakharova GS (2014) Interpenetrating network of V2O5 nanosheets/carbon nanotubes nano-composite for fast lithium storage. RSC Adv 4:46624–46630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang B, Wang Y, Sun B, Munroe P, Wang G (2013) Coral-like V2O5 nanowhiskers as high-capacity cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 3:5069–5075

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Dewangan K, Sinha NN, Chavan PG, Sharma PK, Pandey AC, More MA, Joag DS, Munichandraiah N, Gajbhiye NS (2012) Synthesis and characterization of self-assembled nanofiber-bundles of V2O5: their electrochemical and field emission properties. Nanoscale 4:645–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. An Q, Sheng J, Xu X, Wei Q, Zhu Y, Han C, Niu C, Mai L (2014) Ultralong H2V3O8 nanowire bundles as a promising cathode for lithium batteries. New J Chem 38:2075–2080

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Liu J, Xue D (2010) Cation-induced coiling of vanadium pentoxide nanobelts. Nanoscale Res Lett 5:1619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Patzke GR, Krumeich F, Nesper R (2002) Oxidic nanotubes and nanorods-anisotropic modules for a future nanotechnology. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:2446–2461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhu X, Chen J, Yu X, Zhu X, Gao X, Cen K (2015) Controllable synthesis of novel hierarchical V2O5/TiO2 nanofibers with improved acetone oxidation performance. RSC Adv 5:30416–30424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Takahashi K, Wang Y, Cao GZ (2005) Growth and electrochromic properties of single-crystal V2O5 nanorod arrays. Appl Phys Lett 86:053102 (1–3)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lee JK, Kim GP, Song IK, Baeck SH (2009) Electrodeposition of mesoporous V2O5 with enhanced lithium-ion intercalation property. Electrochem Commun 11:1571–1574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Shao J, Li X, Wan Z, Zhang L, Ding Y, Zhang L, Qu Q, Zheng H (2013) Low-cost synthesis of hierarchical V2O5 microspheres as high performance cathode for lithium-ion batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:7671–7675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Bera B, Das PS, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dey A (2016) Nanoscale contact resistance of V2O5 xerogel films developed by nanostructured powder. J Phys D Appl Phys 49:085303 (1–16)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mukherjee D, Dey A, Esther ACM, Palai D, Sridhara N, Bera P, Bhattacharya M, Rajendra A, Sharma AK, Mukhopadhyay AK (2018) Reversible, repeatable and low phase transition behaviour of spin coated nanostructured vanadium oxide thin films with superior mechanical properties. Ceram Int 44:8913–8921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.02.085.

  37. Porwal D, Esther ACM, Reddy IN, Sridhara N, Yadav NP, Rangappa D, Bera P, Anandan C, Sharma AK, Dey A (2015) Study of the structural, thermal, optical, electrical and nanomechanical properties of sputtered vanadium oxide. RSC Adv 5:35737–35745

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Porwal D, Gupta AK, Pillai AM, Sharma AK, Mukhopadhyay AK, Khan K, Dey A (2016) Simulation of nanoindentation experiment on RF magnetron sputtered nano columnar V2O5 film using finite element method. Mater Res Exp 3:076407 (1–15)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Dey A, Nayak MK, Esther ACM, Pradeepkumar MS, Porwal D, Gupta AK, Bera P, Barshilia HC, Mukhopadhyay AK, Pandey AK, Khan K, Bhattacharya M, Kumar DR, Sridhara N, Sharma AK (2016) Nanocolumnar crystalline vanadium oxide−molybdenum oxide antireflective smart thin films with superior nanomechanical properties. Sci Rep 6:36811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Gupta AK, Porwal D, Dey A, Mukhopadhyay AK, Sharma AK (2016) Evaluation of critical depth ratio for soft V2O5 film on hard Si substrate by finite element modeling of experimentally measured nanoindentation response. J Phys D Appl Phys 49:155302 (1–13)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Scherrer P (1918) Bestimmung der inneren Struktur und der Größe von Kolloidteilchen mittels Röntgenstrahlen. Nachr Ges Wiss Göttingen 26:98–100

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rietveld HM (1969) A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. J Appl Cryst 2:65–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Berger MB (2010) The importance and testing of density / porosity / permeability / pore size for refractories. In: The Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Refractories Conference, pp. 101–116

  44. Chuanuwatanakul C, Tallon C, Dunstan DE, Franks GV (2011) Controlling the microstructure of ceramic particle stabilized foams: influence of contact angle and particle aggregation. Soft Matter 7:11464–11474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Oliver WC, Pharr GM (2004) Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation: advances in understanding and refinements to methodology. J Mater Res 19:3–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Shuye JJ, Guire MR (2005) Deposition of vanadium (V) oxide thin films on nitrogen-containing self-assembled monolayers. Chem Mater 17:787–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Bars JL, Vedrine JC, Auroux A, Pommier B, Pajonk GM (1992) Calorimetric study of vanadium pentoxide catalysts used in the reaction of ethane oxidative dehydrogenation. J Phys Chem 96:2217–2221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Xiong W, Liu M, Gan L, Lv Y, Li Y, Yang L, Xu Z, Hao Z, Liu H, Chen L (2011) A self-template synthesis of hierarchical porous carbon foams based on banana peel for supercapacitor electrodes. J Power Sources 196:10461–10464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Meher SK, Justin P, Rao GR (2010) Tuning of capacitance behaviour of NiO using anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactants by hydrothermal synthesis. J Phys Chem C 11:5205–5210

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zhu J, He J (2012) Facile synthesis of graphene-wrapped honeycomb MnO2 nanospheres and their application in supercapacitors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:1770–1776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Simon P, Gogotsi Y (2008) Materials for electrochemical capacitors. Nat Mater 20:845–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Pelletier O, Davidson P, Bourgaux C, Coulon C, Regnault S, Livage J (2000) A detailed study of the synthesis of aqueous vanadium pentoxide nematic gels. Langmuir 16:5295–5303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Liang S, Shi Q, Zhu H, Peng B, Huang W (2016) One-step hydrothermal synthesis of W‑doped VO2 (M) nanorods with a tunable phase-transition temperature for infrared smart windows. ACS Omega 1:1139–1148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Kang L, Gao Y, Luo H (2009) A novel solution process for the synthesis of VO2 thin films with excellent thermochromic properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 1:2211–2218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Prameela C, Srinivasarao K (2014) Structural, raman and infrared properties of V2O5 and (MoO3)x- (V2O5)1-x composites. Int J ChemTech Res 6:1746–1748

    Google Scholar 

  56. Kristoffersen HH, Metiu H (2016) Structure of V2O5·nH2O xerogels. J Phys Chem C 120:3986–3992

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Livage J (2010) Hydrothermal synthesis of nanostructured vanadium oxides. Materials 3:4175–4195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Livage J (1991) Vanadium pentoxide gels. Chem Mater 3:578–593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bera B, Das PS, Bhattacharya M, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay AK, Dey A (2015) Nanoscale contact resistance of V2O5 xerogel films developed by nanostructured powder. J Phys D Appl Phys 8:085303

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kuwahara T, Tagaya H, Kadokawa J (2001) Intercalation of organic dyes in the layered host lattice V2O5. Inorg Chem Comun 4:63–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors DM, DD, AKM, JG, and AKM acknowledge the kind support and encouragement of Dr. K. Muraleedharan, Director, CSIR-CGCRI during the course of the present work. The infrastructural support services received from all divisions of CSIR-CGCRI and especially those received from MCID, AMCU, and AMMCD are gratefully acknowledged.

Funding

Financial supports were received from ‘Indian Space Research Organisation’ (ISRO), in the form of ISRO RESPOND project (project number: GAP 0245) during the course of the present study. Financial support of ISRO in terms of a junior research fellowship is also gratefully acknowledged by DM.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Dyuman Das

    Present address: Institute of Engineering and Management (IEM), Kolkata, 700091, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, 700032, India

    Dipta Mukherjee, Dyuman Das, Awadesh Kumar Mallik, Jiten Ghosh & Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay

  2. U. R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) (formerly known as ‘ISRO Satellite Centre’), Old Airport Road, Vimanapura Post, Bangalore, 560017, India

    Arjun Dey & Anand Kumar Sharma

Authors
  1. Dipta Mukherjee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dyuman Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Arjun Dey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Awadesh Kumar Mallik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jiten Ghosh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Anand Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Arjun Dey or Anoop Kumar Mukhopadhyay.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The authors confirm that research of the present study does not involve any human participants/animals. The motto of the study is solely dedicated toward the investigation and development of academic interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mukherjee, D., Das, D., Dey, A. et al. Evaluation of temperature-dependent microstructural and nanomechanical properties of phase pure V2O5. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 87, 347–361 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4745-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-018-4745-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation