Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Radon measurements in water samples from the thermal springs of Yalova basin, Turkey

  • Published:
Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The radon concentration has been measured in thermal waters used for medical therapy and drinking purposes in Yalova basin, Turkey. Radon activity measurements in water samples were performed using RAD 7 radon detector equipped with RAD H2O (radon in water) accessory and following a protocol proposed by the manufacturer. The results show that the concentration of 222Rn in thermal waters ranges from 0.21 to 5.82 Bql−1 with an average value of 2.4 Bql−1. In addition to radon concentration, physicochemical parameters of water such as temperature (T), electrical conductivity, pH and redox potential (Eh) were also measured. The annual effective doses from radon in water due to its ingestion and inhalation were also estimated. The annual effective doses range from 0.2 to 0.75 μSvy−1 for ingestion of radon in water and from 2.44 to 9 μSvy−1 for inhalation of radon released from the water.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hopke PK, Borak TB, Doull J, Cleaver JE, Eckerman KF, Gundersen LCS, Harley NH, Hess CT, Kinner NE, Kopecky KJ, Mckone TE, Sexton RG, Simon SL (2000) Health risks due to radon in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 34:921–926

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Bertolo A, Bigliotto C (2004) Radon concentration in waters of geothermal Euganean basin-Veneto, Italy. Radiat Prot Dosim 111(4):355–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (1993) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 1993 Report. United Nations Publication

  4. Yakut H, Tabar E, Zenginerler Z, Demirci N, Ertugral F (2013) Measurement of 222Rn concentration in drinking water in Sakarya, Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim. doi:10.1093/rpd/nct157

    Google Scholar 

  5. Khattak NU, Khan MA, Shah MT, Javed MW (2011) Radon concentration in drinking water sources of the Main Campus of the University of Peshawar and surrounding areas, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 290(2):493–505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Somlai K, Tokonami S, Ishikawa T, Vancsura P, Gaspar M, Jobbagy V, Somlai J, Kovacs T (2007) 222Rn concentrations of water in the Balaton Highland and in the southern part of Hungary, and the assessment of the resulting dose. Radiat Meas 42:491–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sola P, Srisuksawad K, Loaharojanaphand S, O-Manee A, Permnamtip V, Issarapan P, Thummagarun L (2013) Radon concentration in air, hot spring water, and bottled mineral water in one hot spring area in Thailand. J Radioanal Nucl Chem. doi:10.1007/s10967-012-2359-9

  8. Chaudhuri H, Nisith KD, Bhandari RK, Sen P, Sinh B (2010) Radon activity measurements around Bakreswar thermal springs. Radiat Meas 45:143–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Desideri D, Bruno MR, Roselli C (2004) 222Rn determination in some thermal baths of a central eastern Italian area. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 261(1):37–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tabar E, Kumru MN, İçhedef M, Saç MM (2013) Radioactivity level and the measurement of soil gas radon concentration in Dikili geothermal area, Turkey. Int J Radiat Res 11(4):253–261

    Google Scholar 

  11. Binesh A, Mohammadi S, Mowlavi AA, Parvaresh P (2010) Evaluation of the radiation dose from radon ingestion and inhalation in drinking water. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 2(7):174–178

    Google Scholar 

  12. Song G, Wang X, Chen D, Chen Y (2011) Contribution of 222Rn-bearing water to indoor radon and indoor air quality assessment in hot spring hotels of Guangdong, China. J Environ Radioact 102(4):400–406

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vogiannis E, Nikolopoulos D, Louizi A, Halvadakis CP (2004) Radon variations during treatment in thermal spas of Lesvos Island (Greece). J Environ Radioact 76:283–294

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Duenas C, Fernandez MC, Enraquez C, Carretero J, Liger E (1998) Natural radioactivity levels in Andalusian spas. Water Res 32(8):2271–2278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Eross A, Madl-Szonyi J, Surbeck H, Horvath A, Goldscheider N, Csoma AE (2012) Radionuclides as natural tracers for the characterization of fluids in regional discharge areas, Buda Thermal Karst, Hungary. J Hydrol 426–427:124–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Horvath AD, Bohus LO, Urbani F, Marx G, Piroth A, Greaves ED (2000) Radon concentrations in hot spring waters in northern Venezuela. J Environ Radioact 47:127–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Roba CA, Nita D, Cosma C, Codrea V, Olah S (2012) Correlations between radium and radon occurrence and hydrogeochemical features for various geothermal aquifers in Northwestern Romania. Geothermics 42:32–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Beitollahi M, Ghiassi-Nejad M, Esmaeli A, Dunker R (2007) Radiological studies in the hot spring region of Mahallat, Central Iran. Radiat Prot Dosim 123(4):505–508

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Nikolov J, Todorovic N, Petrovic Pantic T, Forkapic S, Mrdja D, Bikit I, Krmar M, Veskovic M (2012) Exposure to radon in the radon spa Niska Banja, Serbia. Radiat Meas 47:443–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bolca M, Saç MM, Altinbas Ü, Camgöz B (2007) Chemical and radioactivity effects of geothermal springs on environmental pollution in Seferihisar region in western Turkey. Asian J Chem 19(3):2265–2276

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gurler O, Akar U, Kahraman A (2010) Measurements of radon levels in thermal waters of Bursa, Turkey. Fresenius Environ Bull 19:3013–3017

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tabar E, Kumru MN, Saç MM, İçhedef M, Bolca M, Özen F (2013) Radiological and chemical monitoring of Dikili geothermal waters, Western Turkey. Radiat Phys Chem 91:89–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Oner F, Yigitoglu I, Yalim HA (2013) Measurements of radon concentrations in spa waters in Amasya, Turkey. Radiat Prot Dosim 157(2):221–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Erees FS, Yener G, Salk M, Özbal Ö (2006) Measurements of radon content in soil gas and in the thermal waters in Western Turkey. Radiat Meas 41:354–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalova. Accessed 6 Aug 2013

  26. http://uk.travel.yahoo.com/yalova-turkey-2%20/. Accessed 6 Aug 2013

  27. Yilmaz I, Yavuzer D (2005) Liquefaction potential and susceptibility mapping in the city of Yalova, Turkey. Environ Geol 47:175–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ünalp D (1994) Yalova ve Armutlu Kaplıcaları Dolayının Hidrojeolojisi ve Sıcaksu Kaynaklarının Kökenlerinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, p 75s

    Google Scholar 

  29. DURRIDGE Company, RAD7, RAD H2O accessory owner’s manual, Avaliable on [http://www.durridge.com/documentation/RADH2OManual.pdf] Accessed 1 May 2013

  30. Lee JM, Kim G (2006) A simple and rapid method for analyzing radon in coastal and ground waters using a radon-in-air monitor. J Environ Radioac 89:219–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Nikolov J, Todorovic N, Forkapic S, Bikit I, Mrdja D (2011) Radon in drinking water in Novi Sad. World Acad Sci Eng Technol 52:307–310

    Google Scholar 

  32. Badhan K, Mehra R, Sonkawade RG (2010) Measurement of radon concentration in ground water using RAD7 and assessment of average annual dose in the environments of NITJ, Punjab, India. Indian J Pure Appl Phys 48:508–511

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Dimova N, Burnett WC, Lane-Smith D (2009) Improved automated analysis of radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) in natural waters. Environ Sci Technol 43(22):8599–8603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. WHO (2008) Guidelines for third edition recommendations drinking-water quality, vol 1. World Health Organization, Geneva

  35. US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (1991) National primary drinking water regulations for radionuclides. Federal Register: 33050-33127

  36. Zmazek B, Todorovski L, Zivcic M, Dzeroski S, Vaupotic J, Kobal I (2006) Radon in a thermal spring, identification of anomalies related to seismic activity. Appl Radiat Isot 64:725–734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yalim HA, Sandıkcıoglu A, Ertugrul O, Yıldız A (2012) Determination of the relationship between radon anomalies and earthquakes in well waters on the Aksehir-Simav Fault System in Afyonkarahisar province, Turkey. J Environ Radioact 110:7–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Erees FS, Aytas S, Sac MM, Yener G, Salk M (2005) Radon concentrations in thermal waters related to seismic events along faults in the Denizli Basin, Western Turkey. Radiat Meas 42:80–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Duenas C, Fernandez MC, Carretero J, Liger E, Canete S (1999) 226Ra and 222Rn concentrations and doses in bottled waters in Spain. J Environ Radioact 45:283–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Amrani D, Cherouati DE, Cherchal MEH (2000) Groundwater radon measurements in Algeria. J Environ Radioact 51:173–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Przylibski TA, Kozaowska B, Dorda J, Kieáczawa B (2002) Radon-222 and 226Ra concentrations in mineralized ground waters of Gorzanów (Káodzko Basin, Sudeten Mountains, SW Poland). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 253(1):11–19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Danali S, Margomenou G, Veldeki K (1986) The radioactivity of spas on the Greek island Ikaria and influencing factors. Health Phys 50(4):509–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (2000) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. UNSCEAR 2000 Report. United Nations Publication

  44. Kendall GM, Smith TJ (2002) Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J Radiol Prot 22:389–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Prof Ibrahim OKUR and Assoc Prof B. Tamer TONGUC for their careful reading of the manuscript. The authors also wish to express their graduate to Miss Melek SANKUR for her valuable contribution during the sampling and to Fatih ARICI for providing the map of the study area. This work was supported by Research Fund of the Sakarya University. Project Number: 2012-02-02-007.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Art, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey

    E. Tabar & H. Yakut

Authors
  1. E. Tabar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. Yakut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to E. Tabar.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tabar, E., Yakut, H. Radon measurements in water samples from the thermal springs of Yalova basin, Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 299, 311–319 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2845-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-013-2845-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation