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The Physiological Expression of Living in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods for Youth

  • Empirical Research
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Abstract

Evidence suggests that the consequences of chronic exposure to stressors extend beyond psychological effects, and that adolescents living in socio-economically disadvantaged neighborhoods may experience an accumulation of exposure to stressors that wears down the physical systems in the body, resulting in hyper-activation of the stress response. This research examines the relationship between exposure to neighborhood stressors and salivary cortisol reactivity in a sample of 163 at-risk African American adolescents (average age 21; 50 % female) living in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods. More specifically, the relationship between neighborhood stressors and physiological stress, measured by baseline cortisol and cortisol reactivity is assessed. This research also examines several moderating pathways between exposure to neighborhood disadvantage and cortisol reactivity including substance use, high effort coping, psychological stress and social support. Results indicate that both individual and neighborhood-level factors influence adolescent cortisol. High effort coping and psychological stress were associated with cortisol in the sample, and exposure to neighborhood socio-economic disadvantage resulted in an atypical cortisol response. In addition, neighborhood disadvantage interacted with intra- and interpersonal factors to affect cortisol indirectly. Thus, living in disadvantaged neighborhoods may take a psychological and physiological toll on adolescents, and it also may exert synergistic effects through individual coping and vulnerabilities.

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Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Grant No. DA07484. The research reported here does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Allison Brenner is the corresponding author and all co-authors listed below have contributed substantially to the analysis, data collection, or drafting of this manuscript, and all are aware that this manuscript has been resubmitted for review at the Journal of Youth and Adolescence. AB conceived of the study, performed the data analysis, and drafted the manuscript; JB assisted with portions of the data analysis, participated in the drafting of the manuscript, and the revisions; MZ participated in the design of the analysis, drafting of the manuscript and the revisions; CC helped with the conceptualization of the developmental literature and assisted with revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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  1. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 3622 SPH Tower, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA

    Allison B. Brenner

  2. Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Marc A. Zimmerman, Jose A. Bauermeister & Cleopatra H. Caldwell

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  1. Allison B. Brenner
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Brenner, A.B., Zimmerman, M.A., Bauermeister, J.A. et al. The Physiological Expression of Living in Disadvantaged Neighborhoods for Youth. J Youth Adolescence 42, 792–806 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9838-8

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