Abstract
Several studies have examined the factors associated with juvenile delinquency, but this literature remains limited largely because it has not moved beyond traditional factors generally and because of the lack of research conducted on minority—especially Hispanic—youth. This study seeks to overcome these two limitations by using data from a longitudinal study of 2,491 Hispanic (Puerto Rican) youth ages 5–13 (48.5% female) socialized in two different cultural contexts, Bronx, New York and San Juan, Puerto Rico, in an effort to examine the relationship between parental suicidality and offspring delinquency. Results indicate that while traditional risk/protective factors and parental mental health issues relate to delinquency in expected ways, youths whose parents attempted suicide engaged in more frequent and varied delinquency over time. Implications for theory and future research are addressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47–87.
Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 319–361.
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Arkes, J. (2007). Does the economy affect teenage substance use? Health Economics, 16, 19–36.
Battle, A., Battle, M. V., & Tolley, E. A. (1993). Potential for suicide and aggression in delinquents at juvenile court in a southern city. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 23, 230–244.
Bird, H. R., Canino, G. J., Davies, M., Duarte, C. S., Febo, V., Ramirez, R., et al. (2006a). A study of disruptive behavior disorders in Puerto Rican youth: I. Background, design, and survey methods. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1032–1040.
Bird, H. R., Davies, M., Duarte, C. S., Shen, S., Loeber, R., & Canino, G. J. (2006b). A study of disruptive behavior disorders in Puerto Rican youth: II. Baseline prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates in two sites. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1042–1053.
Bird, H. R., Shrout, P. E., Davies, M., Canino, G. J., Duarte, C. S., Shen, S., et al. (2007). Longitudinal development of antisocial behaviors in young and early adolescent Puerto Rican children at two sites. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 5–14.
Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J. D., West, J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2006). Parental interactions with Latino infants: Variation by country of origin and English proficiency. Child Development, 77, 1190–1207.
Cerel, J., Roberts, T. A., & Nilsen, W. J. (2005). Peer suicidal behavior and adolescent risk behavior. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 237–243.
Cervantes, R. C., Padilla, A. M., & Snyder, N. S. (1990). Reliability and validity of the Hispanic stress inventory. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12, 76–82.
Chao, R. K., & Tseng, V. (2002). Parenting of Asians. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 4, pp. 59–93). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Chavez, E. L., Oetting, E. R., & Swaim, R. C. (1994). Dropout and delinquency: Mexican American and Caucasian non-Hispanic youth. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 47–55.
Chung, I., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Gilchrist, L. D., & Nagin, D. S. (2002). Childhood predictors of offense trajectories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 60–92.
Coulton, C. J., Korbin, J. E., Su, M., & Chow, J. (1995). Community level factors and child maltreatment rates. Child Development, 66, 1262–1276.
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50–76.
Dreyfoos, J. G. (1990). Adolescents at risk. New York: Oxford University Press.
Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Elliott, D. S., Wilson, W. J., Huizinga, D., Sampson, R. J., Elliott, A., & Rankin, B. (1996). The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 389–426.
Farrington, D. P., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2003). How can the relationship between race and violence be explained? In D. F. Hawkins (Ed.), Violent crimes: Assessing race and ethnic differences (pp. 213–237). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Feigelman, W., & Gorman, B. S. (2008). Assessing the effects of peer suicide on youth suicide. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 38, 181–194.
Goodman, S. H., Hoven, C. W., Narrow, W. E., Cohen, P., Fielding, B., Alegria, M., et al. (1998). Measurement of risk for mental disorders and competence in a psychiatric epidemiologic community survey: The National Institute of Mental Health methods for the epidemiology of child and adolescent mental disorders (MECA) study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 162–173.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gould, M. S., Drew, V., Kleinman, M., Lucas, C., Thomas, J. G., & Chung, M. (2004). Teenagers’ attitudes about coping strategies and help-seeking for suicidality. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 1124–1133.
Hindelang, M. J., Hirschi, T., & Weis, J. G. (1981). Measuring delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hudson, W. W. (1992). The WALMYR assessment scales scoring manual. Tempe, AZ: WALMYR.
Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., Brody, G. H., & Armistead, L. (2003). Parental monitoring in African American, single mother-headed families—an ecological approach to the identification of predictors. Behavior Modification, 27, 435–457.
Kotchick, B. A., Dorsey, S., & Heller, L. (2005). Predictors of parenting among African American single mothers: Personal and contextual factors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 448–460.
Liu, R. X. (2006). Vulnerability to friends’ suicide influence: The moderating effects of gender and adolescent depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 479–489.
Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (1998). Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Van Kammen, W. B. (1998). Antisocial behavior and mental health problems: Explanatory factors in childhood and adolescence. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Long, J. S. (1997). Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Loukas, A., Prelow, H., Suizzo, M., & Allua, S. (2008). Mothering and peer associations mediate cumulative risk effects for Latino youth. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70, 76–85.
Maldonado-Molina, M., Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., Bird, H., & Canino, G. (2009). Trajectories of delinquency among Puerto Rican children and adolescents at two sites. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 46, 144–181.
Marttunen, M. J., Aro, H. M., & Lonnqvist, J. K. (1992). Adolescent suicides: Endpoint of long-term difficulties. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 649–654.
McCord, J., Widom, C. S., & Crowell, N. A. (Eds.). (2001). Juvenile crime, juvenile justice. Panel on juvenile crime: Prevention, treatment, and control. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Morenoff, J. (2005). Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and delinquency in the United States. In M. Rutter & M. Tienda (Eds.), Ethnicity and causal mechanisms (pp. 139–173). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pabron, E. (1998). Hispanic adolescent delinquency and the family: A discussion of sociocultural influences. Adolescence, 33, 941–955.
Pérez, D. M., Jennings, W. G., & Gover, A. R. (2008). Specifying general strain theory: An ethnically relevant approach. Deviant Behavior, 29, 544–578.
Pinderhughes, E. E., Nix, R., Foster, E. M., & Jones, D. (2001). Parenting in context: Impact of neighborhood poverty, residential stability, public services, social networks, and danger on parental behaviors. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 941–953.
Piquero, A. R., Brame, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2005). Extending the study of continuity and change: Gender differences in adolescent and adulthood offending. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 219–243.
Piquero, A. R., Daigle, L. E., Gibson, C., Piquero, N. L., & Tibbetts, S. G. (2007). Are life-course- persistent offenders at risk for adverse health outcomes? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 44, 185–207.
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2003). The criminal career paradigm. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research (Vol. 30, pp. 359–506). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pratt, T. C., & Cullen, F. T. (2000). The empirical status of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 38, 931–964.
Raia, J. A. (1995). Perceived social support and coping as moderators of children’s exposure to community violence. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: I. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7–21.
Rodriguez, O., & Weisburd, D. (1991). The integrated social control model and ethnicity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 18, 464–479.
Russo, M. F., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M., Frick, P. J., McBurnett, K., Walker, J. L., et al. (1991). Preliminary development of a sensation-seeking scale for children. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 399–405.
Russo, M. F., Stokes, G. S., Lahey, B. B., Christ, M., McBurnett, K., Loeber, R., et al. (1993). A sensation seeking scale for children: Further refinement and psychometric development. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 15, 69–86.
Samaniego, R. Y., & Gonzales, N. A. (1999). Multiple mediators of the effects of acculturation status on delinquency for Mexican–American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 189–210.
Simon, T. R., Swann, A. C., Powell, K. E., Potter, L. B., Kresnow, M. J., & O’Carroll, P. W. (2001). Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 32, 49–59.
Thompson, M. P., Kingree, J. B., & Ho, C. (2006). Associations between delinquency and suicidal behaviors in a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 36, 57–64.
US Census Bureau. (2000). United States census 2000. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce.
Wasserman, G. A., & Seracini, A. M. (2001). Family risk factors and intervention. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, intervention, and future needs (pp. 165–190). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Yin, Z., Katims, D. S., & Zapata, J. T. (1999). Participation in leisure activities and involvement in delinquency by Mexican American adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21, 170–185.
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health through grants RO-1 MH56401 (Dr. Bird, principal investigator), P20 MD000537-01 (Dr. Canino, principal investigator) from the National Center for Minority Health Disparities, and the Institute for Child Health Policy at the University of Florida. The authors would like to offer a sincere thanks to Hector Bird and also acknowledge the important contributions of Vivian Febo, Ph.D., Iris Irizarry, M.A., Linan Ma, MSPH, and of all of the dedicated staff who participated in this complex study. Finally, we would like to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript, all of which significantly improved the quality of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jennings, W.G., Maldonado-Molina, M.M., Piquero, A.R. et al. Parental Suicidality as a Risk Factor for Delinquency Among Hispanic Youth. J Youth Adolescence 39, 315–325 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9439-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9439-3