Skip to main content
Log in

Entrepreneurial human capital, complementary assets, and takeover probability

  • Published:
The Journal of Technology Transfer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although acquisitions of high-tech entrepreneurial firms are of great popularity within the technology transfer process, the limited empirical evidence on this type of technology transfer shows that these acquisitions often lead to dismal results in that a large number of acquired key inventors leave their companies after an acquisition and those that remain exhibit poor performance. This study aims at explaining this phenomenon and adds additional empirical results and explanations to the matching theory of ownership changes. Using a hand collected dataset of all German IPOs from 1997 until 2006, this study shows that the probability of ownership in a young and high-tech firm’s assets being reallocated by means of a takeover significantly decreases with the amount of intangible and complementary assets that are owned by the owner-manager.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ang, J., & Kohers, N. (2001). The take-over market for privately held companies: The US experience. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25(6), 723–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arthurs, J. D., Busenitz, L. W., Hoskisson, R. E., & Johnson, R. A. (2009). Firm-specific human capital and governance in IPO firms: Addressing agency and resource dependence concerns. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 845–865.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B. (2001). Research issues relating to structure, competition, and performance of small technology-based firms. Small Business Economics, 16(1), 37–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2007). Mergers and acquisitions in IPO markets: Evidence from Germany. In G. N. Gregoriou & L. Renneboog (Eds.), International mergers and acquisitions activity since 1990: Recent research and quantitative analysis (pp. 169–179). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2008). The Neuer Markt as an institution of creation and destruction. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(4), 419–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Plummer, L. A. (2009). Agency and governance in strategic entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 33(1), 149–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Audretsch, D. B., & Thurik, A. R. (2001). What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies. Industrial & Corporate Change, 10(1), 267–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balkin, D. B., Markman, G. D., & Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2000). Is CEO pay in high-technology firms related to innovation? The Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 1118–1129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, P. (1999). Predicting UK takeover targets: Some methodological issues and an empirical study. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 12(3), 283–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barney, J. B. (1995). Looking inside for competitive advantage. The Academy of Management Executive, 9(4), 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjørnåli, E. S., & Gulbrandsen, M. (2010). Exploring board formation and evolution of board composition in academic spin-offs. Journal of Technology Transfer, 35(1), 92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonardo, D., Paleari, S., & Vismara, S. (2010). The M&A dynamics of European science-based entrepreneurial firms. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 35(1), 141–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruton, G. D., Chahine, S., & Filatotchev, I. (2009). Founders, private equity investors, and underpricing in entrepreneurial IPOs. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(4), 909–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brynjolfsson, E. (1994). Information assets, technology, and organization. Management Science, 40(12), 1645–1662.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombo, M. G., Mustar, P., & Wright, M. (2010). Dynamics of science-based entrepreneurship. Journal of Technology Transfer, 35(1), 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, N. (2005). The double exit puzzle: Venture capitalists and acquisitions following IPOs. Working Paper, University of Kansas.

  • Desyllas, P., & Hughes, A. (2008). Sourcing technological knowledge through corporate acquisition: Evidence from an international sample of high technology firms. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 18(2), 157–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desyllas, P., & Hughes, A. (2009). The revealed preferences of high technology acquirers: An analysis of the innovation characteristics of their targets. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(6), 1089–1111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeTienne, D. R., & Cardon, M. S. (2011). Impact of founder experience on exit intentions. Small Business Economics (in press).

  • Dushnitsky, G., & Lenox, M. J. (2005). When do firms undertake R&D by investing in new ventures? Strategic Management Journal, 26(10), 947–965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, H., & Vitt, J. (2000). The influence of corporate acquisitions on the behaviour of key inventors. R&D Management, 30(2), 105–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabel, O. (2004). Spinoffs of entrepreneurial firms: An O-ring approach. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics JITE, 160, 416–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fama, E. F., & French, K. R. (2004). New lists: Fundamentals and survival rates. Journal of Financial Economics, 73(2), 229–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fehr, E., Hart, O., & Zehnder, C. (2011). Contracts as reference points—Experimental evidence. American Economic Review, 101(2), 493–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gans, J. S., & Stern, S. (2000). Incumbency and R&D incentives: Licensing the gale of creative destruction. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 9(4), 485–511.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, N., & Jain, B. A. (2011). Founder management and the market for corporate control for IPO firms: The moderating effect of the power structure of the firm. Journal of Business Venturing (in press).

  • Gick, W. (2008). Little firms and big patents: A model of small-firm patent signaling. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 17(4), 913–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gimeno, J., Folta, T. B., Cooper, A. C., & Woo, C. Y. (1997). Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(4), 750–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granstrand, O., & Sjölander, S. (1990). The acquisition of technology and small firms by large firms. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 13(3), 367–386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griliches, Z. (1990). Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 28(4), 1661–1707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimpe, C., & Hussinger, K. (2008). Pre-empting technology competition through firm acquisitions. Economics Letters, 100(2), 189–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimpe, C., & Hussinger, K. (2009). Market and technology access through firm acquisitions: Beyond one size fits all. In M. P. Feldman & G. D. Santangelo (Eds.), New perspectives in international business research. Bingley: Emerald.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, S. J., & Hart, O. D. (1986). The costs and benefits of ownership: A theory of vertical and lateral integration. The Journal of Political Economy, 94(4), 691–719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, B. H. (1990). The impact of corporate restructuring on industrial research and development. Brookings papers on economic activity. Microeconomics, pp. 85–135.

  • Harhoff, D., Hoisl, K., & Webb, C. (2008). European patent citationsHow to count and how to interpret them. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Munich.

  • Hart, O. (2009). Hold-up, asset ownership, and reference points. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(1), 267–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, O., & Holmstrom, B. (2010). A theory of firm scope. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125(2), 483–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, O., & Moore, J. (1990). Property rights and the nature of the firm. Journal of Political Economy, 98(6), 1119–1158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, O., & Moore, J. (2008). Contracts as reference points. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(1), 1–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel, J., Rønde, T., & Wagner, M. (2010). And the winner isAcquired. Entrepreneurship as a contest with acquisition as the prize. Discussion paper. Presented at DRUID Sommer conference 2010.

  • Ireland, R. D., Hitt, M. A., & Sirmon, D. G. (2003). A model of strategic entrepreneurship: The construct and its dimensions. Journal of Management, 29(6), 963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. C. (1986). Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. The American Economic Review, 76(2), 323–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic, B. (1979). Job matching and the theory of turnover. The Journal of Political Economy, 87(5), 972–990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor, R., & Lim, K. (2007). The impact of acquisitions on the productivity of inventors at semiconductor firms: A synthesis of knowledge-based and incentive-based perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1133–1155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knockaert, M., Ucbasaran, D., Wright, M., & Clarysse, B. (2011). The relationship between knowledge transfer, top management team composition, and performance: The case of science-based entrepreneurial firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35 (in press).

  • Lehmann, E. E. (2006). Corporate governance in new enterprises or: Why do some CEOs hold large equity stakes while others are paid through stock options? Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaftslehre (Special Issue 5), 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehto, E., & Lehtoranta, O. (2006). How do innovations affect mergers and acquisitions—Evidence from Finland. Journal of Industry. Competition and Trade, 6(1), 5–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberg, F. R., & Siegel, D. (1987). Productivity and changes in ownership of manufacturing plants. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1987(3), 643–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenberg, F. R., & Siegel, D. (1990). The effects of leveraged buyouts on productivity and related aspects of firm behavior. Journal of Financial Economics, 27(1), 165–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Link, A. N., & Bozeman, B. (1991). Innovative behavior in small-sized firms. Small Business Economics, 3(3), 179–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manne, H. G. (1965). Mergers and the market for corporate control. The Journal of Political Economy, 73(2), 110–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markman, G. D., Balkin, D. B., & Schjoedt, L. (2001). Governing the innovation process in entrepreneurial firms. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(2), 273–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markman, G. D., Espina, M. I., & Phan, P. H. (2004). Patents as surrogates for inimitable and non-substitutable resources. Journal of Management, 30(4), 529–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meuleman, M., Amess, K., Wright, M., & Scholes, L. (2009). Agency, strategic entrepreneurship, and the performance of private equity-backed buyouts. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), 213–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norbäck, P.-J., & Persson, L. (2009). The organization of the innovation industry: entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and oligopolists. Journal of the European Economic Association, 7(6), 1261–1290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palepu, K. G. (1986). Predicting takeover targets : A methodological and empirical analysis. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 8(1), 3–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paruchuri, S., Nerkar, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2006). Acquisition integration and productivity losses in the technical core: Disruption of inventors in acquired companies. Organization Science, 17(5), 545–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, R. G. (2004). Takeover prediction models and portfolio strategies: A multinomial approach. Multinational Finance Journal, 8(1/2), 35–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puranam, P., & Srikanth, K. (2007). What they know vs. what they do: How acquirers leverage technology acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 28(8), 805–825.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (2000). The governance of the new enterprise. In X. Vives (Ed.), Corporate governance: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 201–227). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (2001). The firm as a dedicated hierarchy: A theory of the origins and growth of firms. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(3), 805–851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranft, A. L., & Lord, M. D. (2002). Acquiring new technologies and capabilities: A grounded model of acquisition implementation. Organization Science, 13(4), 420–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, J.-C., & Reuer, J. J. (2005). Adverse selection in acquisitions of small manufacturing firms: A comparison of private and public targets. Small Business Economics, 24(4), 393–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soubeyran, A., & Stahn, H. (2007). Do investments in specialized knowledge lead to composite good industries? Small Business Economics, 29(1), 119–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens, P., Davidsson, P., & Fitzsimmons, J. (2009). Performance configurations over time: Implications for growth- and profit-oriented strategies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(1), 125–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tassey, G. (2010). Rationales and mechanisms for revitalizing US manufacturing R&D strategies. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 35(3), 283–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teng, B.-S. (2007). Corporate entrepreneurship activities through strategic alliances: A resource-based approach toward competitive advantage. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 119–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, L., & Zajac, E. J. (2007). Alliance or acquisition? A dyadic perspective on interfirm resource combinations. Strategic Management Journal, 28(13), 1291–1317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M., Birley, S., & Mosey, S. (2004a). Entrepreneurship and university technology transfer. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3), 235–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M., Vohora, A., & Lockett, A. (2004b). The formation of high-tech university spinouts: The role of joint ventures and venture capital investors. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 29(3), 287–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zingales, L. (1995). Insider ownership and the decision to go public. Review of Economic Studies, 62(212), 425–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank participants of the EARIE Annual Conference 2009 in Ljubljana/Slovenia, of the X. Symposium of the GEABA in Vallendar/Germany, and of research workshops at the University of Konstanz/Germany and the University of Zurich/Switzerland. We are especially grateful for feedback on this research by Peter-J. Jost, Ulrich Lichtenthaler, Winfried Pohlmeier, Joel Stiebale, Stefano Trento, and Peter Welzel.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erik E. Lehmann.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lehmann, E.E., Braun, T.V. & Krispin, S. Entrepreneurial human capital, complementary assets, and takeover probability. J Technol Transf 37, 589–608 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-011-9225-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-011-9225-8

Keywords

JEL Classifications

Navigation