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On Gapped Phases with a Continuous Symmetry and Boundary Operators

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Abstract

We discuss the role of compact symmetry groups, G, in the classification of gapped ground state phases of quantum spin systems. We consider two representations of G on infinite subsystems. First, in arbitrary dimensions, we show that the ground state spaces of models within the same G-symmetric phase carry equivalent representations of the group for each finite or infinite sublattice on which they can be defined and on which they remain gapped. This includes infinite systems with boundaries or with non-trivial topologies. Second, for two classes of one-dimensional models, by two different methods, for G=SU(2) in one, and G⊂SU(d), in the other we construct explicitly an ‘excess spin’ operator that implements rotations of half of the infinite chain on the GNS Hilbert space of the ground state of the full chain. Since this operator is constructed as the limit of a sequence of observables, the representation itself is, in principle, experimentally observable. We claim that the corresponding unitary representation of G is closely related to the representation found at the boundary of half-infinite chains. We conclude with determining the precise relation between the two representations for the class of frustration-free models with matrix product ground states.

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Acknowledgements

B.N. acknowledges stimulating discussions with M. Aizenman about excess charges, spin, and all that, dating back to the collaboration [39], which turn out to be of great relevance in the context of this work. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation: S.B. under Grant #DMS-0757581 and B.N. under grant #DMS-1009502

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  1. Department of Mathematics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Sven Bachmann & Bruno Nachtergaele

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  1. Sven Bachmann
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  2. Bruno Nachtergaele
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Correspondence to Bruno Nachtergaele.

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Dedicated to Herbert Spohn.

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Bachmann, S., Nachtergaele, B. On Gapped Phases with a Continuous Symmetry and Boundary Operators. J Stat Phys 154, 91–112 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10955-013-0850-5

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