Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Electrodeposited CoNi Thin Films on the FTO Substrate

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

CoNi films were elaborated by electrodeposition onto FTO substrates using a chloride bath with a metallic ion molar ratio [Co2+]/[Ni2+] equals 1/1. Three samples were elaborated for different potentials ranging from −1.6 to −1.5 V. The structure and the morphology of CoNi films were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The chemical compositions are obtained using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and the magnetic properties were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). From X-ray diffraction, we have shown the presence of the FCC phase of CoNi binary alloy with a well-pronounced texture along the < 111 > , < 200 > , and < 220 > planes for all samples. We have found that the applied potential has an influence on crystallite sizes. Besides, a moderate change in the lattice parameter has been observed with increasing applied potential. The AFM images show that the applied potential changes the morphology and the surface roughness of CoNi films. In addition, the SEM images confirm the granular morphology of CoNi deposits and show a good relationship between voltage and grain size. The EDX spectrums confirm the deposition of the cobalt and the nickel on the FTO substrate and show the precedence deposition of Co compared with Ni. The extracted coercive field Hc and squareness from the hysteresis loops explained the good correlation between the magnetic and structural properties of CoNi thin films.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kacel, T., Guittoum, A., Hemmous, M., Dirican, E., Öksüzoglu, R.M., Azizi, A., Laggoun, A., Zergoug, M.: Effect of thickness on the structural, microstructural, electrical and magnetic properties of ni films elaborated by pulsed electrodeposition on si substrate, surf. Rev. Lett. 25, 1850058 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18500580

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. Karpuz, A., Kockar, H., Alper, M.: The effect of different chemical compositions caused by the variation of deposition potential on properties of Ni-Co films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 3632–3635 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.11.092

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. Dryden, D.M., Sun, T., McCormick, R., Hickey, R., Vidu, R., Stroeve, P.: Anomalous deposition of Co-Ni alloys in film and nanowire morphologies from citrate baths. Electrochim. Acta. 220, 595–600 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ahmed, J., Sharma, S., Ramanujachary, K.V., Lofland, S.E., Ganguli, A.K.: Microemulsion-mediated synthesis of cobalt (pure fcc and hexagonal phases) and cobalt-nickel alloy nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 336, 814–819 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.062

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kurlyandskaya, G.V., Bhagat, S.M., Luna, C., Vazquez, M.: Microwave absorption of nanoscale CoNi powders. J. Appl. Phys. 99, 1–6 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2191740

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ranjani, M., Sathishkumar, Y., Lee, Y.S., Yoo, D.J., Kim, A.R., Gnana Kumar, G.: Ni-Co alloy nanostructures anchored on mesoporous silica nanoparticles for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications. RSC Adv. 5, 57804–57814 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08471g

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. Sharmin, S., Kita, E., Kishimoto, M., Latiff, H., Yanagihara, H.: Effect of synthesis method on particle size and magnetic and structural properties of Co-Ni ferrites. IEEE Trans. Magn. 54, 1–4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2018.2854919

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Herzer, G.: Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability in nanocrystalline ferromagnets. IEEE Trans. Magn. 26, 1397–1402 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Duch, M., Esteve, J., Gomez, E., Perez-Castillejos, R., Valles, E.: Electrodeposited Co-Ni alloys for MEMS. J. Micromech. Microeng. 12, 400 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Soumare, Y., Piquemal, J.-Y., Maurer, T., Ott, F., Chaboussant, G., Falqui, A., Viau, G.: Oriented magnetic nanowires with high coercivity. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 5696–5702 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hsieh, C.T., Liu, J.Q., Lue, J.T.: Magnetic force microscopy studies of domain walls in nickel and cobalt films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 252, 1899–1909 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2005.05.041

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bensouilah, A., Guittoum, A., Hemmous, M., Bouremana, A., Rahal, B., Yavru, C., Öksüzoglu, R.M., Kechouane, M.: Structure, microstructure and magnetic properties of CoxNi1 0 0 − xPowders synthesized by hydrothermal method. J. Supercond. Nov. Magn. 30, 2219–2225 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-017-4035-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zamani, M., Amadeh, A., Lari Baghal, S.M.: Effect of Co content on electrodeposition mechanism and mechanical properties of electrodeposited Ni-Co alloy. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 26, 484–491 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(16)64136-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Bouzit, F.Z., Nemamcha, A., Moumeni, H., Rehspringer, J.L.: Morphology and Rietveld analysis of nanostructured Co-Ni electrodeposited thin films obtained at different current densities. Surf. Coatings Technol. 315, 172–180 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.02.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Tebbakh, S., Messaoudi, Y., Azizi, A., Fenineche, N., Schmerber, G., Dinia, A.: The influence of saccharin on the electrodeposition and properties of Co – Ni alloy thin films. Int. J. Surf. Eng. Coatings. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1179/0020296715Z.000000000247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Karpuz, A., Kockar, H., Alper, M., Karaagac, O., Haciismailoglu, M.: Electrodeposited Ni-Co films from electrolytes with different Co contents. Appl. Surf. Sci. 258, 4005–4010 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.12.088

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tebbakh, S., Beniaiche, A., Fenineche, N., Azizi, A., Schmerber, G., Dinia, A.: Electrochemical nucleation behaviours and properties of electrodeposited Co–Ni alloy thin films. Trans. IMF 91, 17–23 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1179/0020296712Z.00000000076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mukhtar, A., Tan, M., Hu, H., Liu, L., Mehmood, T., Khan, B.S.: Formation of metastable Co – Ni alloy nanowires in electrodeposition. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18, 1296–1302 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2018.13970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Jinlong, L., Tongxiang, L., Chen, W.: Effect of electrodeposition temperature on grain orientation and corrosion resistance of nanocrystalline pure nickel. J. Solid State Chem. 240, 109–114 (2016)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Vazquez-Arenas, J., Altamirano-Garcia, L., Treeratanaphitak, T., Pritzker, M., Luna-Sánchez, R., Cabrera-Sierra, R.: Co–Ni alloy electrodeposition under different conditions of pH, current and composition. Electrochim. Acta. 65, 234–243 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tian, L., Xu, J., Xiao, S.: The influence of pH and bath composition on the properties of Ni–Co coatings synthesized by electrodeposition. Vacuum 86, 27–33 (2011)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Tebbakh, S., Messaoudi, Y., Azizi, A., Fenineche, N., Schmerber, G., Dinia, A.: The influence of saccharin on the electrodeposition and properties of Co–Ni alloy thin films. Trans. IMF 93, 196–204 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Thanikaikarasan, S., Mahalingam, T., Ahamad, T., Alshehri, S.M.: Role of substrate on film thickness, structural, compositional and magnetic properties of CoNi alloy thin films by low temperature electrodeposition technique. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 24, 955–962 (2020)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Tian, L., Xu, J., Qiang, C.: The electrodeposition behaviors and magnetic properties of Ni-Co films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 257, 4689–4694 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.12.123

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Thanikaikarasan, S., Kanimozhi, R., Saravannan, M., Perumal, R.: Electrochemical deposition and characterization of CoNi alloy thin films. Mater. Today Proc. 46, 10248–10251 (2021)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Tebbakh, S., Messaoudi, Y., Azizi, A., Fenineche, N., Schmerber, G., Dinia, A.: The influence of saccharin on the electrodeposition and properties of Co-Ni alloy thin films. Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 93, 196–204 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1179/0020296715Z.000000000247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kim, D.U., Shanmugam, R., Choi, M.R., Yoo, B.: Formation of CoNi alloy thin films on silicon by electroless deposition. Electrochim. Acta. 75, 42–48 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.04.051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Tong, G., Li, Y., Wang, F., Huang, Y., Fang, B., Wang, X., Zhu, H.: Thermal oxidation-grown vanadium dioxide thin films on FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide) substrates. Infrared Phys. Technol. 61, 37–41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2013.07.003

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Hu, H., Tan, M., Liu, L.: Anomalous codeposition mechanism of Co-Ni alloy nanowires. J. Alloys Compd. 715, 384–389 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Cerisier, M., Attenborough, K., Celis, J.-P., Van Haesendonck, C.: Structure and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co films onto Si (100). Appl. Surf. Sci. 166, 154–159 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Gómez, E., Pollina, R., Vallés, E.: Morphology and structure of nickel nuclei as a function of the conditions of electrodeposition. J. Electroanal. Chem. 397, 111–118 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Tebbakh, S., Beniaiche, A., Fenineche, N., Azizi, A., Schmerber, G., Dinia, A.: Electrochemical nucleation behaviours and properties of electrodeposited Co–Ni alloy thin films. Int. J. Surf. Eng. Coatings (2013). https://doi.org/10.1179/0020296712Z.00000000076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. PDF 01–082–3064, Omori, T.: Intermetallics, 32, 274-283 (2012)

  34. Nishizawa, T., Ishida, K.: The Co−Ni (cobalt-nickel) system. Bull. Alloy Phase Diagrams. 4, 390–395 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. PDF 01–072–1147, Baur, W.H.: Acta Crystallogr, 9, 515 (1956)

  36. Chen, L., Wang, L., Zeng, Z., Xu, T.: Influence of pulse frequency on the microstructure and wear resistance of electrodeposited Ni–Al2O3 composite coatings. Surf. Coatings Technol. 201, 599–605 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Patterson, A.L.: The Scherrer formula for X-ray particle size determination. Phys. Rev. 56, 978 (1939)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Budevski, E., Staikov, G., Lorenz, W.J.: Electrocrystallization: nucleation and growth phenomena. Electrochim. Acta. 45, 2559–2574 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Oskam, G., Long, J.G., Natarajan, A., Searson, P.C.: Electrochemical deposition of metals onto silicon. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 31, 1927 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Lamrani, S., Guittoum, A., Schäfer, R., Hemmous, M., Neu, V., Pofahl, S., Hadjersi, T., Benbrahim, N.: Morphology, structure and magnetic study of permalloy films electroplated on silicon nanowires. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 396, 263–267 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.07.111

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rezvanian, O., Zikry, M.A., Brown, C., Krim, J.: Surface roughness, asperity contact and gold RF MEMS switch behavior. J. Micromech. Microeng. 17, 2006 (2007)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Barrera, E., Pardavé, M.P., Batina, N., González, I.: Formation mechanisms and characterization of black and white cobalt electrodeposition onto stainless steel. J. Electrochem. Soc. 147, 1787 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sekar, R., Eagammai, C., Jayakrishnan, S.: Effect of additives on electrodeposition of tin and its structural and corrosion behaviour. J. Appl. Electrochem. 40, 49–57 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Plieth, W.: Electrochemistry for materials science. Elsevier, (2008)

  45. Nečas, D., Klapetek, P.: Gwyddion: an open-source software for SPM data analysis. Open Phys. 10, 99 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Ali, I., Islam, M.U., Awan, M.S., Ahmad, M., Ashiq, M.N., Naseem, S.: Effect of Tb3+ substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of M-type hexaferrites synthesized by sol–gel auto-combustion technique. J. Alloys Compd. 550, 564–572 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Praveena, K., Sadhana, K., Virk, H.S.: Structural and magnetic properties of MN-ZN ferrites synthesized by microwave-hydrothermal process. Solid State Phenom. 232, 45–64 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.232.45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Admon, U., Dariel, M.P., Grunbaum, E., Lodder, J.C.: Magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co-W thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 62, 1943–1947 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Li, Z., Sun, X., Zheng, Y., Zhang, H.: Microstructure and magnetic properties of micro NiFe alloy arrays for MEMS application. J. Micromech. Microeng. 23, 85013 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Cagnon, L., Gundel, A., Devolder, T., Morrone, A., Chappert, C., Schmidt, J.E., Allongue, P.: Anion effect in Co/Au (111) electrodeposition: structure and magnetic behavior. Appl. Surf. Sci. 164, 22–28 (2013)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials, Processes and Environment Research Unit URMPE, M’hamed Bougara University, Avenue de l’Indépendance, 35000, Boumerdes, Algeria

    Ala Boulegane & Ali Laggoun

  2. Research Center in Industrial Technologies CRTI, P.O. Box 64, 16004, Cheraga, Algiers, Algeria

    Ala Boulegane

  3. Nuclear Research Centre of Algiers, 2 Bd Frantz Fanon, Bp 399, Alger-Gare, Algiers, Algeria

    Abderrahim Guittoum & Messaoud Hemmous

  4. Laboratory for Elaboration of New Materials and Characterization, Physics Department, University of Sétif, 19000, Sétif, Algeria

    Mokhtar Boudissa

Authors
  1. Ala Boulegane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abderrahim Guittoum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali Laggoun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mokhtar Boudissa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Messaoud Hemmous
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ala Boulegane.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Boulegane, A., Guittoum, A., Laggoun, A. et al. Structural, Morphological, and Magnetic Properties of Electrodeposited CoNi Thin Films on the FTO Substrate. J Supercond Nov Magn 35, 2583–2593 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-022-06308-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10948-022-06308-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation