Abstract
Suspension polymerization technique was used to synthesize porous polystyrene polymer cross-linked with divinylbenzene. The effects of various synthesis parameters (amount of initiator, cross-linker and diluent, type of diluent and agitation speed) were evaluated for average particle size, particle size distribution and surface morphology. The results analyzed by SEM, TEM, EDX, FTIR and sieving showed that average particle size decreases with increasing initiator amount. Optimum uniformity was obtained at low initiator amount and high cross-linker amount. The results also showed that type of diluent does not affect average particle size, while particle distribution and surface morphology were affected by agitation speed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACN:
-
Acrylonitrile
- AIBN:
-
Azobis isobutyl nitrile
- DVB:
-
Divinyl benzene
- PAAm:
-
Polyacrylamide
- PMMA:
-
Poly methyl methacrylate
- PVA:
-
Polyvinyl acetate
- PVC:
-
Polyvinylchloride
References
B.M.L. Dioos, I.F.J. Vankelecom, P.A. Jacobs, Adv. Synth. Catal. 348, 1413 (2006)
K. Kangwansupamonkon, S. Damronglerd, S. Kiatkamjornwong, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 85, 654 (2002)
S. Kiatkamjornwong, P. Chientachakul, P. Prasassarakich, S. Damronglerd, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 82, 1521 (2001)
S. Sharma, S. Sinha, S. Chand, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51, 8806 (2006)
M.L. Mohammed, R. Mbeleck, B. Saha, Polym. Chem. 6, 7308 (2015)
B. Kaboudin, H. Khanmohammadi, F. Kazemi, Appl. Surf. Sci. 425, 400 (2017)
L.C. Gabriel, C. Jorge, R. Raul, A.V.C. Jorge, M.A. Ranulfo, J. Polym. Environ. 24, 264 (2016)
A.M. Atta, W. Brostow, T. Datashvili, R.A. El-Ghazawy, H.E. Hagg Lobland, A.R.M. Hasan, J.M. Perez, Polym. Int. 62, 116 (2013)
A.M. Atta, W. Brostow, H.E. Hagg Lobland, A.R.M. Hasan, J.M. Perez, Polym. Int. 62, 1225 (2013)
A.M. Atta, W. Brostow, H.E. Hagg Lobland, A.R.M. Hasan, J.M. Perez, RSC Adv. 3, 25849 (2013)
M.T. Gokmen, F.E.D. Prez, Prog. Polym. Sci. 37, 365 (2012)
R. Arshady, Colloid Polym. Sci. 270, 717 (1992)
R.P. Zu, F. Hong, X.W. Zhi, M.H. Zhi, Polym. Int. 30, 259 (1993)
Z. Dalei, L. Mingyue, L. Quan, G. Qiang, C. Zhanchen, Y. Bai, Polym. Int. 56, 195 (2007)
G. Yong, M.L. Hua, Polym. Int. 53, 1436 (2007)
Y. Feng, Z. Xiuwen, S. Zhaomei, Z. Aihua, Polym. Bull. 68, 1305 (2012)
V.J. Valentin, A.N. Florica, S.V. Dan, M.V. Dumitru, Polym. Bull. 66, 785 (2011)
I. Naomi, I. Kenzo, Polym. Bull. 63, 653 (2009)
F. Richard, A. Madhu, A. Joseph, K. David, J. Polym. Environ. 6, 115 (1998)
R. Tomovska, J.C. Cal, J.M. Asua, Reactions in Heterogeneous Media: Emulsion, Miniemulsion, Microemulsion, Suspension, and Dispersion Polymerization (Wiley, New York, 2014)
M.R. El-Aassar, E.A. Soliman, A.I. Hashem, S. Gang, N. Amaly, J. Polym. Res. 24, 207 (2017)
E.V. Lima, P.E. Wood, A. Hamielec, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36, 939 (1997)
C. Lin, S. Yu, C.S. Chern, J. Polym. Res. 22, 110 (2015)
D. Yin, Q. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Yin, J. Polym. Res. 17, 689 (2010)
N. Hassan, D. Abbas, M. Mohsen, J. Polym. Environ. 20, 794 (2012)
S. Mane, Can. Chem. Trans. 4, 210 (2016)
O. Aungsurpravate, W. Kangwansupamonkon, W. Chavasiri, S. Kiatkamjornwong, Polym. Eng. Sci. 447, 1 (2007)
C.K. Ober, M.L. Hair, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 25, 1395 (1987)
Q. Liu, L. Wang, A. Xiao, H. Yu, Des. Monomers Polym. 13, 369 (2010)
S. Mane, S. Ponrathnam, N. Chavan, Can. Chem. Trans. 3, 473 (2015)
R.A.F. Machado, A. Bolzan, Chem. Eng. J. 70, l (1998)
A.B.D. Nandiyanto, A. Suhendi, T. Ogi, R. Umemoto, K. Okuyama, Chem. Eng. J. 256, 421 (2014)
T. Hongye, S. Jun, H. Rong, G. Feng, C. Daxiang, G. Hongchen, Front. Chem. China 1, 474 (2006)
R. Arshady, A. Ledwith, React. Polym. 1, 159 (1983)
B.W. Brooks, Chem. Eng. Technol. 33, 1737 (2010)
X. Wang, Z. Fu, N. Yu, J. Huang, J. Colloids. Interface Sci. 466, 322 (2016)
C.T.L. Luz, F.M.B. Coutinho, Polymer 42, 4931 (2001)
C.T.L. Luz, F.M.B. Coutinho, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91, 666 (2004)
L. Lu, C. Jiang, W. Xiufang, P. Pihui, Y. Zhuoru, J. Chinese, Chem. Engg. 14, 471 (2006)
S. Kiatkamjornwong, S. Traissaranapong, P. Prasassarakich, J. Porous Mater. 6, 215 (1999)
R. Rodrigo, C.A. Toro, J. Cuellar, Powder Technol. 247, 279 (2013)
J. Park, Y. Kim, H. Yoon, B. Jun, Y. Lee, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 17, 794 (2011)
C. Hulubei, C.D. Vlad, I. Stoica, D. Popovici, G. Lisa, S.L. Nica, A.L. Barzic, J. Polym. Res. 21, 514 (2014)
T. Zhang, F. Zhou, J. Huang, R. Man, Chem. Eng. J. 339, 278 (2018)
P.J. Dowding, J.W. Goodwin, B. Vincent, Colloids Surf. A 145, 263 (1998)
N. Ballard, M. Aguirre, A. Simula, J.R. Leiza, S. Es, J.M. Asua, Chem. Eng. J. 316, 655 (2017)
M. Tanaka, T. Takahashi, I. Kimura, Chem. Eng. Technol. 19, 97 (1996)
A.V. Priscilla, B.G. Sílvia, M. Fabricio, J. Polym. Environ. 26, 1755 (2018)
P.J. Flory, J.J. Rehner, J. Chem. Phys. 11, 512 (1943)
P.J. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1953)
R. Arshady, A. Ledwith, React. Polym. 1, 159 (1983)
P. Giovanni, P. Maurizio, S. Daniele, Polym. Int. 48, 392 (1999)
D. Peng, C. Kun, X. Fang, J. Tao, M. Zhi, Polym. Int. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5571
W.A. Syed, A.M. Muhammad, Y. Tariq, Polym. Bull. 73, 559 (2016)
J.K. Wan, A.K. Chul, K. Sanghee, Polym. Bull. 75, 1505 (2018)
A.K. Sharma, C. Caricato, E. Quartarone, S. Edizer, A.G. Schieroni, R. Mendichi, D. Pasini, Polym. Bull. 69, 911 (2012)
C.V. Luciani, K.Y. Choi, Z. Xiao, Chem. Eng. Technol. 33, 1833 (2010)
S. Nemeth, F.C. Thyrion, Chem. Eng. Technol. 18, 315 (1995)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chaudhary, V., Sharma, S. Effect of various synthesis parameters on styrene–divinylbenzene copolymer properties. J Porous Mater 26, 1559–1571 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-019-00753-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-019-00753-7