Abstract
We conducted a rearing experiment with the chironomid species Chironomus riparius to assess the relationship between the δ13C values of chironomid larvae and the δ13C values of their exuvial head capsules. Our experiment was also designed to study the extent of the trophic fractionation factor (Δ13C) under different dietary conditions. Three food sources were used (Tetramin, oats and corn), covering a range in δ13C values of 14.55 ‰. For each of the four successive instars, carbon isotope ratios were measured in larval tissues and head capsules. This approach highlighted the variability in δ13C for both larvae and their head capsules during larval development. Once the larvae reached the 3rd instar, their δ13C values were stabilised and did not significantly differ from their food δ13C (Δ13C = 0 ‰). It is probable that the variability in the δ13C offset during larval development reflected a difference in the carbon turnover for the chironomid cuticle compared with the whole body. At the 4th instar, the δ13C offset did not significantly differ between the three food sources and was −0.9 ± 0.2 ‰. The proposed Δ13C and δ13C offset values can be considered as a first step for the reconstructions of the chironomid larvae paleo-diets with the aim of deciphering the different organic carbon sources supporting chironomid larvae productions. However, the influence of the environment (e.g. temperature, oxygen), other food sources (e.g. different nutritive values) as well as taxonomy (i.e. other chironomid species) should be assessed to strengthen the robustness of these results.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armitage PD, Cranston PS, Pinder LCV (1995) The chironomidae. The biology and ecology of non-biting midges. Chapman & Hall, London
Auerswald K, Wittmer M, Zazzo A, Schäufele R, Schnyder H (2010) Biases in the analysis of stable isotope discrimination in food webs. J Appl Ecol 47:936–941
Bearhop S, Waldron S, Votier SC, Furness RW (2002) Factors influencing assimilation and fractionation of nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes in avian blood and feathers. Physiol Biochem Zool 75:451–458
Bennion H, Battarbee R, Sayer C, Simpson G, Davidson T (2011) Defining reference conditions and restoration targets for lake ecosystems using palaeolimnology: a synthesis. J Paleolimnol 45:533–544
Brodersen K, Pedersen O, Walker I, Jensen M (2008) Respiration of midges (Diptera; Chironomidae) in British Columbian lakes: oxy-regulation, temperature and their role as palaeo-indicators. Freshwater Biol 53:593–602
Caut S, Angulo E, Courchamp F (2009) Variation in discrimination factors (Δ15N and Δ13C): the effect of diet isotopic values and applications for diet reconstruction. J Appl Ecol 46:443–453
DeNiro MJ, Epstein S (1978) Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:495–506
Dennis C, MacNeil A, Rosati J, Pitcher T, Fisk A (2010) Diet discrimination factors are inversely related to d15N and d13C values of food for fish under controlled conditions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 24:3515–3520
Doi H, Eisuke K, Shigeto T, Shuichi S (2007) Changes in carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of chironomid larvae during growth, starvation and metamorphosis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21:997–1002
Goedkoop W, Akerblom N, Demandt M (2006) Trophic fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in Chironomus riparius reared on food of aquatic and terrestrial origin. Freshwater Biol 51:878–886
Gupta SN (2011) Chitin formation and diagenesis. Springer, New York
Heiri O, Schilder J, van Hardenbroek M (2012) Stable isotopic analysis of fossil chironomids as an approach to environmental reconstruction: state of development and future challenges. Fauna Nor 31:7–18
Macko SA, Helleur R, Hartley G, Jackman P (1989) Diagenesis in organic matter—a study using stable isotopes of individual carbohydrates. Org Geochem 16:1129–1137
Martínez del Rio C, Wolf N, Carleton SA, Gannes LZ (2009) Isotopic ecology ten years after a call for more laboratory experiments. Biol Rev 84:91–111
McCauley Y (1974) Instar differenciation in larval Chironomidae (Diptera). Can Entomol 106:179–200
McCutchan J, Lewis W, Kendall K, McGrath C (2003) Variation in trophic shift for stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Oïkos 102:378–390
O’Connell TC, Hedges REM (1999) Isotopic comparison of hair and bone: archaeological analyses. J Archaeol Sci 26:661–665
Perga ME (2010) Potential of δ13C and δ 15N of cladoceran subfossil exoskeletons for paleo-ecological studies. J Paleolimnol 44:387–395
Perga ME, Desmet M, Enters D, Reyss JL (2010) A century of bottom-up- and top-down-driven changes on a lake planktonic food web: a paleoecological and paleoisotopic study of Lake Annecy, France. Limnol Oceanogr 55:803–816
Post D (2002) Using stable isotope to estimate trophic position: models, methods and assumptions. Ecology 83:703–718
R Development Core Team (2011) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org
Reich K, Bjorndal K, Bolten A (2007) The ‘lost years’ of green turtles: using stable isotopes to study cryptic lifestages. Biol Lett 22:712–714
Schimmelmann A, De Niro M, Poulice M, Voss-Foucart MF, Goffinet G, Jeuniaux C (1986) Stable isotopic composition of chitin from arthropods recovered in archaeological contexts as palaeo environmental indicators. J Archaeol Sci 13:553–566
Schmid PE, Schmid-Araya J (2007) Body size and scale invariance: multifractals in invertebrate communities. In: Hildrew A, Raffaelli D, Edmonds-Brown R (eds) Body size: the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, London
van Hardenbroek M, Heiri O, Grey J, Bodelier P, Verbruggen F, Lotter A (2010) Fossil chironomid δ13C as a proxy for past methanogenic contribution to benthic food webs in lakes? J Paleolimnol 43:235–245
van Hardenbroek M, Lotter A, Bastviken D, Duc N, Heiri O (2012) Relationship between δ13C of chironomid remains and methane flux in Swedish lakes. Freshwater Biol 57:166–177
van Hardenbroek M, Heiri O, Parmentier F, Bastviken D, Ilyashuk B, Wiklund J, Hall R, Lotter A (2013) Evidence for past variations in methane availability in a Siberian thermokarst lake based on δ13C of chitinous invertebrate remains. Quat Sci Rev 66:74–84
Vander Zanden J, Rasmussen J (2001) Variation in d15N and d13C trophic fractionation: implications for aquatic food web studies. Limnol Oceanogr 46:2061–2066
Vander Zanden J, Chandra S, Allen B, Reuter J, Goldman C (2003) Historical food web structure and restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) Basin. Ecosystems 6:274–288
Vincent J, Wegst U (2004) Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle. Arthropod Struct Dev 33:187–199
Walker I (1987) Chironomidae (Diptera) in paleoecology. Quat Sci Rev 6:29–40
Webb S, Hedges R, Simpson S (1998) Diet quality influences the δ13C and δ15N of locusts and their biochemical components. J Exp Biol 201:2903–2911
Wigglesworth W (1957) The physiology of insect cuticle. Annu Rev Entomol 2:37–54
Wolf N, Carleton S, Martínez del Rio C (2009) SIA in animal ecology: ten years of experimental animal isotopic ecology. Funct Ecol 23:17–26
Wooller M, Wang Y, Axford Y (2008) A multiple stable isotope record of late quaternary limnological changes and chironomid paleoecology from northeastern Iceland. J Paleolimnol 40:63–77
Wooller M, Pohlman J, Gaglioti B, Langdon P, Jones M, Walter Anthony K, Becker K, Hinrichs K-U, Elvert M (2012) Reconstruction of past methane availability in an Arctic Alaska wetland indicates climate influenced methane release during the past ~12,000 years. J Paleolimnol 48:27–42
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. We also are indebted to Benoît Ferrari (IRSTEA, Lyon) for providing egg masses of C. riparius.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Frossard, V., Belle, S., Verneaux, V. et al. A study of the δ13C offset between chironomid larvae and their exuvial head capsules: implications for palaeoecology. J Paleolimnol 50, 379–386 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-013-9732-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-013-9732-8