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Membrane Protein Integration and Topogenesis at the ER

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Abstract

Most membrane proteins are composed of hydrophobic α-helical transmembrane segments and are integrated into the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum by the highly conserved Sec61 translocon. With respect to the integration mechanism, three types of transmembrane segments can be distinguished—the signal, the stop-transfer sequence, and the re-integration sequence—which in linear succession can account for all kinds of membrane protein topologies. The transmembrane orientation of the initial signal and to a weaker extent also of downstream transmembrane segments is affected by charged flanking residues according to the so-called positive-inside rule. The main driving force for transmembrane integration is hydrophobicity. Systematic analysis suggested thermodynamic equilibration of each peptide segment in the translocon with the membrane as the underlying mechanism. However, there is evidence that integration is not entirely sequence-autonomous, but depends also on the sequence context, from very closely spaced transmembrane segments to the folding state and properties of neighboring sequences. Topogenesis is even influenced by accessory proteins that appear to act as intramembrane chaperones.

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Abbreviations

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ncyt/Cexo :

Cytoplasmic N- and exoplasmic C-terminus

Nexo/Ccyt :

Exoplasmic N- and cytoplasmic C-terminus

TM:

Transmembrane

TRAM:

Translocating chain-associated membrane protein

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Acknowledgements

Our work was supported by Grant No. 31003A-182519 from the Swiss National Science Foundation.

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  1. Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Martin Spiess, Tina Junne & Marco Janoschke

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  1. Martin Spiess
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  2. Tina Junne
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Correspondence to Martin Spiess.

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Spiess, M., Junne, T. & Janoschke, M. Membrane Protein Integration and Topogenesis at the ER. Protein J 38, 306–316 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-019-09827-6

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