Abstract
Tristetraprolin/zinc finger protein 36 (TTP/ZFP36) binds and destabilizes some proinflammatory cytokine mRNAs. TTP-deficient mice develop a profound inflammatory syndrome due to excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines. TTP gene expression is induced by various factors including insulin, cinnamon, and green tea extracts. Previous studies have shown that TTP is highly phosphorylated in vivo and multiple phosphorylation sites are identified in human TTP. This study evaluated the potential protein kinases that could phosphorylate recombinant TTP in vitro. Motif scanning suggested that TTP was a potential substrate for various kinases. SDS-PAGE showed that in vitro phosphorylation of TTP with p42 and p38 MAP kinases resulted in visible electrophoretic mobility shift of TTP to higher molecular masses. Autoradiography showed that TTP was phosphorylated in vitro by GSK3b, PKA, PKB, PKC, but not Cdc2, in addition to p42, p38, and JNK. These results demonstrate that TTP is a substrate for a number of protein kinases in vitro.
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Abbreviations
- TTP:
-
Tristetraprolin
- hTTP:
-
Human TTP
- mTTP:
-
Mouse TTP
- ARE:
-
AU-rich element
- Cdc2:
-
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2
- CIAP:
-
Calf intestine alkaline phosphatase
- GSK3b:
-
Glycogen synthase kinase 3B
- JNK:
-
c-Jun-N-terminal kinase
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MBP:
-
Maltose binding protein
- MK2:
-
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2
- PK:
-
Protein kinase
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TNF:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- ZFP:
-
Zinc finger protein
- ZFP36L:
-
ZFP36-like
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by USDA-ARS Human Nutrition Research Program and NIH-NIEHS Intramural Research Program. A preliminary report of this study was presented at the Experimental Biology 2006 in San Francisco, California, on April 1–5, 2006. We greatly appreciate Dr. Perry J. Blackshear (NIH/NIEHS) for his generous support. We also thank Dr. Joseph F. Urban Jr. (USDA/ARS) for his helpful comments on the manuscript.
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Cao, H., Lin, R. Phosphorylation of Recombinant Tristetraprolin In vitro. Protein J 27, 163–169 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-007-9119-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-007-9119-7