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Different TiO2 Phases (Degussa/Anatase) Modified Cross-Linked Chitosan Composite for the Removal of Reactive Red 4 Dye: Box–Behnken Design

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Abstract

The present work targets to develop the cross-linked chitosan composite with different TiO2 phases (Degussa/Anatase) to attain two adsorbents namely cross-linked chitosan-epichlorohydrin/TiO2-Degussa (CS-ECH/TiO2-D) and cross-linked chitosan-epichlorohydrin/TiO2-Anatase (CS-ECH/TiO2-A). The physicochemical characteristics including crystalline nature, specific surface area, functional groups, surface morphology, and thermal stability of the prepared composites were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric and derivative thermogravimetric analyses (TGA-DTG), respectively. Response surface methodology combined with Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was used to explore multivariate modeling and optimization of reactive red 4 (RR4) dye removal on CS-ECH/TiO2-D and CS-ECH/TiO2-A based on the related factors including A: adsorbent dose (0.5–1.5 g/100 mL), B: pH (4–10), and C: time (30–90 min). RR4 dye removal was 94.6 and 87.5% for CS-ECH/TiO2-D and CS-ECH/TiO2-A, respectively. The adsorption of RR4 molecules on the surface of CS-ECH/TiO2-(D/A) was constructed by many interactions e.g. electrostatic forces, n−π stacking, and H-bonding. The findings revealed that the biomaterials developed could be viable and convenient potential adsorbents for capturing azo dyes from polluted effluents.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam for all facilities. The author (Zeid A. ALOthman) is grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP-2021/1), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

Zeid A. ALOthman has received research support from Researchers Supporting Project No. (RSP-2021/1), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering, Al-Mansour University College, Baghdad, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  2. College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq

    Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed

  3. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ali H. Jawad

  4. Environmental System Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University-Global Campus, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-Gu, Yonggin-Si, GyeonggiDo, 16705, Republic of Korea

    Sivakumar Vigneshwaran

  5. Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Zeid A. ALOthman

  6. UniSQ’s Advanced Data Analytics Research Group, School of Mathematics Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4300, Australia

    Zaher Mundher Yaseen

  7. New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, 64001, Iraq

    Zaher Mundher Yaseen

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  1. Ahmed Saud Abdulhameed
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by ASA, SV, AHJ, ZAA and ZMY. The first draft of the manuscript was written by ZMZ, ASA, AHJ and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ali H. Jawad.

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Abdulhameed, A.S., Jawad, A.H., Vigneshwaran, S. et al. Different TiO2 Phases (Degussa/Anatase) Modified Cross-Linked Chitosan Composite for the Removal of Reactive Red 4 Dye: Box–Behnken Design. J Polym Environ 30, 5084–5099 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02568-1

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