Computerized Wrist Pulse Signal Diagnosis Using Modified Auto-Regressive Models

Abstract

The wrist pulse signals can be used to analyze a person’s health status in that they reflect the pathologic changes of the person’s body condition. This paper aims to present a novel time series analysis approach to analyze wrist pulse signals. First, a data normalization procedure is proposed. This procedure selects a reference signal that is ‘closest’ to a newly obtained signal from an ensemble of signals recorded from the healthy persons. Second, an auto-regressive (AR) model is constructed from the selected reference signal. Then, the residual error, which is the difference between the actual measurement for the new signal and the prediction obtained from the AR model established by reference signal, is defined as the disease-sensitive feature. This approach is based on the premise that if the signal is from a patient, the prediction model previously identified using the healthy persons would not be able to reproduce the time series measured from the patients. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated using a wrist pulse signal database collected using a Doppler Ultrasound device. The classification accuracy is over 82% in distinguishing healthy persons from patients with acute appendicitis, and over 90% for other diseases. These results indicate a great promise of the proposed method in telling healthy subjects from patients of specific diseases.

Appendix: Doppler ultrasonic diagnostic parameters

Figure 7 illustrates a typical Doppler waveform about the wrist artery blood flow, where S and D are the Systolic peak (maximum velocity) and the end of Diastolic velocity, respectively. Two Doppler ultrasonic parameters, RT and SW, are illustrated in Fig. 7. Other commonly used Doppler parameters are defined as follows [15]:

• 1. Spectrum Broadening Index (SBI): $SBI = {{\left( {F_{{avpk}} - F_{{mean}} } \right)}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\left( {F_{{avpk}} - F_{{mean}} } \right)}} {F_{{avpk}} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {F_{{avpk}} }$, where F _avpk means frequency excursion of peak systolic velocity and F _mean means frequency excursion of mean velocity;

• 2. Stenosis Index (STI): $STI = 0.9 * {\left( {{1 - V_{m} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{1 - V_{m} } S}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} S} \right)}$, where V _m is the mean velocity;

• 3. Resistance Index (RI): $RI = {{\left( {S - D} \right)}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\left( {S - D} \right)}} S}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} S$;

• 4. Ratio of Systolic by Diastolic velocity (S/D).

Fig. 7

A typical Doppler signal and some Doppler parameters