Abstract
In this study, poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels cross-linked with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate with different cross-linker content (5, 10 and 20%) were successfully prepared by UV photopolymerization. Hen egg white proteins were added to endow the hydrogel with appropriate rheological and antimicrobial properties. Mechanical properties of the hydrogels including swelling ratio, tensile strength and elongation at break were evaluated. Sample with 10% of the cross-linker showed the best mechanical characteristics among others, and was selected for the preparation of the target antimicrobial hydrogels. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared through hydrothermal method, functionalized with amine groups and added in three different amounts (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 wt%) during preparation of the target hydrogels. The samples were fully characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The zone of inhibition analysis revealed that the sample bearing 0.5 wt% of the ZnO NPs had the best antimicrobial effect. MTT assay showed all the samples were non-toxic against human dermal fibroblast (HSF-PI-16). The designed hydrogel could be considered as a promising antimicrobial film for further study in wound healing applications.
Graphic Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
N. Kashyap, N. Kumar, M.R. Kumar, Hydrogels for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 22, 49–107 (2005)
S.C. Lee, I.K. Kwon, K. Park, Hydrogels for delivery of bioactive agents: a historical perspective. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 17–20 (2013)
Y. Tanaka, J.P. Gong, Y. Osada, Novel hydrogels with excellent mechanical performance. Prog. Polym. Sci. 30, 1–9 (2005)
A.S. Hoffman, Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 18–23 (2012)
V.W. Ng, J.M. Chan, H. Sardon, R.J. Ono, J.M. García, Y.Y. Yang, J.L. Hedrick, Antimicrobial hydrogels: a new weapon in the arsenal against multidrug-resistant infections. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 78, 46–62 (2014)
A.M. Diez-Pascual, A.L. Díez-Vicente, Wound healing bionanocomposites based on castor oil polymeric films reinforced with chitosan-modified ZnO nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 16, 2631–2644 (2015)
I. Jones, L. Currie, R. Martin, A guide to biological skin substitutes. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 55, 185–193 (2002)
S.A. Smith, J.H. Morrissey, Polyphosphate enhances fibrin clot structure. Blood 112, 2810–2816 (2008)
X. Ding, L. Shi, C. Liu, B. Sun, A randomized comparison study of aquacel Ag and alginate silver as skin graft donor site dressings. Burns 39, 1547–1550 (2013)
Q.A. Ijaz, N. Abbas, M.S. Arshad, A. Hussain, Z. Javaid, Synthesis and evaluation of pH dependent polyethylene glycol-co-acrylic acid hydrogels for controlled release of venlafaxine HCl. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 43, 221–232 (2018)
P.M. Pakdel, S.J. Peighambardoust, A review on acrylic based hydrogels and their applications in wastewater treatment. J. Environ. 217, 123–143 (2018)
K. Sharma, V. Kumar, B. Kaith, V. Kumar, S. Som, S. Kalia, H. Swart, Synthesis, characterization and water retention study of biodegradable Gum ghatti-poly (acrylic acid–aniline) hydrogels. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 111, 20–31 (2015)
K. Knop, R. Hoogenboom, D. Fischer, U.S. Schubert, Poly (ethylene glycol) in drug delivery: pros and cons as well as potential alternatives. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 49, 6288–6308 (2010)
E. Ruel-Gariepy, J.-C. Leroux, In situ-forming hydrogels—review of temperature-sensitive systems. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 58, 409–426 (2004)
R.A. Scott, N.A. Peppas, Compositional effects on network structure of highly cross-linked copolymers of PEG-containing multiacrylates with acrylic acid. Macromolecules 32, 6139–6148 (1999)
I. Osman, K. Seyfullah, C. Burcu, The effect of PEG on the water absorption capacity and rate of superabsorbent copolymers based on acrylic acid. Int. J. Polym. Mater. 54, 1001–1008 (2005)
V.E. Wagner, J.T. Koberstein, J.D. Bryers, Protein and bacterial fouling characteristics of peptide and antibody decorated surfaces of PEG-poly (acrylic acid) co-polymers. Biomaterials 25, 2247–2263 (2004)
J.E. Elliott, M. Macdonald, J. Nie, C.N. Bowman, Structure and swelling of poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels: effect of pH, ionic strength, and dilution on the crosslinked polymer structure. Polymer 45, 1503–1510 (2004)
A. Shefer, A.J. Grodzinsky, K.L. Prime, J.P. Busnel, Novel model networks of poly (acrylic acid): synthesis and characterization. Macromolecules 26, 5009–5014 (1993)
M.B. Mellott, K. Searcy, M.V. Pishko, Release of protein from highly cross-linked hydrogels of poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate fabricated by UV polymerization. Biomaterials 22, 929–941 (2001)
D.P. Browe, C. Wood, M.T. Sze, K.A. White, T. Scott, R.M. Olabisi, J.W. Freeman, Characterization and optimization of actuating poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate/acrylic acid hydrogels as artificial muscles. Polymer 117, 331–341 (2017)
M. Shojaee, F. Navaee, S. Jalili-Firoozinezhad, R. Faturechi, M. Majidi, S. Bonakdar, Fabrication and characterization of ovalbumin films for wound dressing applications. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 48, 158–164 (2015)
R. Lu, D. Yang, D. Cui, Z. Wang, L. Guo, Egg white-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with excellent biocompatibility and enhanced radiation effects on cancer cells. Int. J. Nanomed. 7, 2101 (2012)
Y. Mine, Recent advances in egg protein functionality in the food system. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 58, 31–39 (2002)
F.F. Machado, J.S. Coimbra, E.E.G. Rojas, L.A. Minim, F.C. Oliveira, S.S. Rita de Cássia, Solubility and density of egg white proteins: effect of pH and saline concentration. LWT 40, 1304–1307 (2007)
A.O. Elzoghby, W.M. Samy, N.A. Elgindy, Albumin-based nanoparticles as potential controlled release drug delivery systems. J. Control Release 157, 168–182 (2012)
J. Irache, M. Merodio, A. Arnedo, M. Camapanero, M. Mirshahi, S. Espuelas, Albumin nanoparticles for the intravitreal delivery of anticytomegaloviral drugs. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 5, 293–305 (2005)
G.V. Patil, Biopolymer albumin for diagnosis and in drug delivery. Drug Dev. Res. 58, 219–247 (2003)
H. Tranter, R. Board, The influence of incubation temperature and pH on the antimicrobial properties of hen egg albumen. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 56, 53–61 (1984)
T. Nojima, T. Iyoda, Egg white-based strong hydrogel via ordered protein condensation. NPG Asia Mater. 10, e460–e460 (2018)
D. Thomas, J. Prakash, K.K. Sadasivuni, K. Deshmukh, A.J. Edakkara, Surface modified zinc oxide nanoparticles as smart UV sensors. J. Electron. Mater. 48, 4726–4732 (2019)
K. Kaviyarasu, G.T. Mola, S.O. Oseni, K. Kanimozhi, C.M. Magdalane, J. Kennedy, M. Maaza, ZnO doped single wall carbon nanotube as an active medium for gas sensor and solar absorber. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 30, 147–158 (2019)
M. Faizan, A. Faraz, S. Hayat, Effective use of zinc oxide nanoparticles through root dipping on the performance of growth, quality, photosynthesis and antioxidant system in tomato. J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. 28, 1–15 (2019)
Y. Zhang, T.R. Nayak, H. Hong, W. Cai, Biomedical applications of zinc oxide nanomaterials. Curr. Mol. Med. 13, 1633–1645 (2013)
K. Kaviyarasu, C.M. Magdalane, K. Kanimozhi, J. Kennedy, B. Siddhardha, E.S. Reddy, N.K. Rotte, C.S. Sharma, F. Thema, D. Letsholathebe, Elucidation of photocatalysis, photoluminescence and antibacterial studies of ZnO thin films by spin coating method. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 173, 466–475 (2017)
K. Kaviyarasu, N. Geetha, K. Kanimozhi, C.M. Magdalane, S. Sivaranjani, A. Ayeshamariam, J. Kennedy, M. Maaza, In vitro cytotoxicity effect and antibacterial performance of human lung epithelial cells A549 activity of zinc oxide doped TiO2 nanocrystals: investigation of bio-medical application by chemical method. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 74, 325–333 (2017)
A. Sirelkhatim, S. Mahmud, A. Seeni, N.H.M. Kaus, L.C. Ann, S.K.M. Bakhori, H. Hasan, D. Mohamad, Review on zinc oxide nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and toxicity mechanism. Nanomicro. Lett. 7, 219–242 (2015)
A.M. Díez-Pascual, C. Xu, R. Luque, Development and characterization of novel poly (ether ether ketone)/ZnO bionanocomposites. J. Mater. Chem. B 2, 3065–3078 (2014)
W. Guo, T. Liu, R. Sun, Y. Chen, W. Zeng, Z. Wang, Hollow, porous, and yttrium functionalized ZnO nanospheres with enhanced gas-sensing performances. Sens. Actuators B 178, 53–62 (2013)
S. Mallakpour, M. Madani, Use of silane coupling agent for surface modification of zinc oxide as inorganic filler and preparation of poly (amide-imide)/zinc oxide nanocomposite containing phenylalanine moieties. Bull. Mater. Sci. 35, 333–339 (2012)
G. Parthasarathy, D. Manickam, M. Venkatachalam, Antibacterial activity of Zno thin films prepared by sol-gel dip-coating method. Int. J. Res. Appl. Sci. Eng. Technol. 5, 1980–1983 (2017)
N. Guyot, S. Réhault-Godbert, C. Slugocki, G. Harichaux, V. Labas, E. Helloin, Y. Nys, Characterization of egg white antibacterial properties during the first half of incubation: a comparative study between embryonated and unfertilized eggs. Poult. Sci. 95, 2956–2970 (2016)
J. Wu, P. Li, C. Dong, H. Jiang, B. Xue, X. Gao, M. Qin, W. Wang, B. Chen, Y. Cao, Rationally designed synthetic protein hydrogels with predictable mechanical properties. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–11 (2018)
M.P. Daryasari, M.R. Akhgar, F. Mamashli, B. Bigdeli, M. Khoobi, Chitosan-folate coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles as a smart and pH-sensitive system for curcumin delivery. RSC Adv. 6, 105578–105588 (2016)
M. Zare, K. Namratha, K. Byrappa, D. Surendra, S. Yallappa, B. Hungund, Surfactant assisted solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and study of their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34, 1035–1043 (2018)
C. García-Astrain, C. Chen, M.A. Burón, T. Palomares, A. Eceiza, L. Fruk, M.Á. Corcuera, N. Gabilondo, Biocompatible hydrogel nanocomposite with covalently embedded silver nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 16, 1301–1310 (2015)
J.H. Sung, M.-R. Hwang, J.O. Kim, J.H. Lee, Y.I. Kim, J.H. Kim, S.W. Chang, S.G. Jin, J.A. Kim, W.S. Lyoo, Gel characterisation and in vivo evaluation of minocycline-loaded wound dressing with enhanced wound healing using polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan. Int. J. Pharm. 392, 232–240 (2010)
E.P. Azevedo, T.D. Saldanha, M.V. Navarro, A.C. Medeiros, M.F. Ginani, F.N. Raffin, Mechanical properties and release studies of chitosan films impregnated with silver sulfadiazine. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 102, 3462–3470 (2006)
P. Sudheesh Kumar, V.-K. Lakshmanan, T. Anilkumar, C. Ramya, P. Reshmi, A. Unnikrishnan, S.V. Nair, R. Jayakumar, Flexible and microporous chitosan hydrogel/nano ZnO composite bandages for wound dressing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4, 2618–2629 (2012)
B. Singh, L. Pal, Sterculia crosslinked PVA and PVA-poly (AAm) hydrogel wound dressings for slow drug delivery: mechanical, mucoadhesive, biocompatible and permeability properties. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 9, 9–21 (2012)
S. Nair, A. Sasidharan, V.D. Rani, D. Menon, S. Nair, K. Manzoor, S. Raina, Role of size scale of ZnO nanoparticles and microparticles on toxicity toward bacteria and osteoblast cancer cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 20, 235 (2009)
A. Sasidharan, P. Chandran, D. Menon, S. Raman, S. Nair, M. Koyakutty, Rapid dissolution of ZnO nanocrystals in acidic cancer microenvironment leading to preferential apoptosis. Nanoscale 3, 3657–3669 (2011)
K. Pilakasiri, P. Molee, D. Sringernyuang, N. Sangjun, S. Channasanon, S. Tanodekaew, Efficacy of chitin-PAA-GTMAC gel in promoting wound healing: animal study. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 22, 2497–2504 (2011)
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a Grant from the Research Council of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Grant Number: 35614).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors of this manuscript do not have any financial conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
khoobi, M., Moghimi, M., Motlagh, G.H. et al. Cross-Linked Poly(acrylic acid) Hydrogel Loaded with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Egg White Proteins for Antimicrobial Application. J Inorg Organomet Polym 30, 5234–5243 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01619-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01619-1