Abstract
As the human immunodeficiency virus continues to devastate large parts of Africa, particularly the Sub-Saharan region, the number of immigrants migrating from these areas to European nations continues to grow. African men and women leave their countries for Europe because of armed conflicts, unemployment, or poverty. Thus, these migration patterns combined with newly contracted infections have resulted in a large and growing number of HIV-positive diagnoses among African immigrants living in Europe. Using the disclosure process model, this systematic review examines the reasons for HIV status disclosure and nondisclosure among African immigrants residing in Europe. PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Global Health, and Web of Science were searched. Bibliographies of retrieved studies were also reviewed for other relevant citations. Studies were eligible if they: (1) focused on HIV-positive immigrants from SSA residing in Europe; and (2) described or measured HIV status disclosure. Out of 166 articles found, a total of 17 articles and 1 brief report met the inclusion criteria. Factors such as stigma and social implications of disclosure contribute to avoidance goals leading to nondisclosure while approach goals or disclosure reasons were found to include health status and behaviors such as seeking support, and helping others. The findings highlight the importance of understanding the avoidance and approach goals involved in HIV status disclosure among African immigrants in Europe. Interventions and future research directed at increasing HIV disclosure among African immigrants in Europe should move beyond individual-level to consider multilevel factors including country-specific social behaviors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Palella FJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(13):853–60.
Jonakin J. Economic narratives and international migration under liberalization: lost in translation. Econ Soc. 2012;41(2):177–98.
UNAIDS. 2006 report on the global AIDS epidemic. 2006; http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/2006_gr_en.pdf.
Anderson J, Doyal L. Women from Africa living with HIV in London: a descriptive study. AIDS Care. 2004;16(1):95–105.
Thierry X. Les entrees d’etrangers en France de 1994 a 1999. Population. 2001;56:423–50 (in French).
Cazien F, Pillonel J, Bousquet V, et al. Determinants of persons diagnosed with HIV or AIDS, France, 2008. BEHWeb [Internet]. 2009; http://www.invs.sante.fr/behweb/2009/02/r-2.htm.
Federal Office of Public Health [FOPH]. 2013; http://www.bag.admin.ch/index.html?lang=en.
AIDS and HIV in Scotland, 1996: a summary. SCIEH Weekly Report. 1997;31:33.
Ruhs M. Emerging trends and patterns in the immigration and employment of non-EU Nationals in Ireland: what the data reveal. Dublin, The Policy Institute, Trinity College Dublin. 2003; https://www.tcd.ie/policy-institute/assets/pdf/PIWP06_Ruhs.pdf.
Ruhs M. Managing the immigration and employment of non-EU Nationals in Ireland. Dublin, The Policy Institute, Trinity College Dublin. 2005; https://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/publications/reports-and-other-publications/irish-immigration-policy/.
Immigration Council of Ireland. Background information and statistics on immigration to Ireland June 2005. 2005; www.immigrantcouncil.ie.
HIV Monitoring Foundation. Monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the Netherlands. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: HIV Monitoring Foundation. 2008; http://www.hiv-monitoring.nl/files/5913/8443/2799/SHM_MonitoringReport2013.pdf.
Global B. The global financial and economic crisis and migration governance. Glob Gov. 2010;16(3):317.
Foreman M, Hawthorne H. Learning from the experiences of ethnic minorities accessing hiv services in Ireland. Br J Soc Work. 2007;37(7):1153–72.
Thorne C, Newell ML, Peckham CS. Disclosure of diagnosis and planning for the future in HIV-affected families in Europe. Child Care Health Dev. 2000;26(1):29–40.
Sulstarova B, Poglia Mileti F, Mellini L, Villani M, Singy P. HIV disclosure and nondisclosure among migrant women from sub-Saharan Africa living in Switzerland. AIDS Care. 2015;27(4):451–7.
Arrey AE, Bilsen J, Lacor P, Deschepper R. “It’s my secret”: fear of disclosure among Sub-Saharan African migrant women living with HIV/AIDS in Belgium. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0119653.
Doyal L, Anderson J. ‘My fear is to fall in love again…’ how HIV-positive African women survive in London. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(8):1729–38.
Treisman K, Jones FW, Shaw E. The experiences and coping strategies of united kingdom-based african women following an HIV diagnosis during pregnancy. Janac J Assoc Nurses Aids Care. 2014;25(2):145–57. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2013.01.008.
Doyal L, Anderson J, Paparini S. ‘You are not yourself’: exploring masculinities among heterosexual african men living with HIV in london. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(10):1901–7. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.032.
Kalengayi FKN, Hurtig AK, Ahlm C, Krantz I. Fear of deportation may limit legal immigrants’ access to HIV/AIDS-related care: a survey of Swedish language school students in Northern Sweden. J Immigr Minor Health. 2012;14(1):39–47. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9509-y.
Dray-Spira R, Lert F, Marimoutou C, Bouhnik A-D, Obadia Y. Socio-economic conditions, health status and employment among persons living with HIV/AIDS in France in 2001. AIDS Care. 2003;15(6):739–48.
Domingo A, Sabater A, Bedoya MH, Franch X. Regularizaciones y trayectorias de inmigrantes no comunitarios en la provincia de Barcelona. Revista Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas [Internet]. 2012; http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/jsp/REIS.jsp?opcion=articulo&ktitulo=2320&autor=ANDREU+DOMINGO%2C+ALBERT+SABATER%2C+MAR%CDA+HELENA+BEDOYA%2C+XAVIER+FRANCH.
Whembolua GL, Conserve DF, Gott M. Racial Profiling: the Afro-French experience. Black Diaspora Rev. 2014;4(2):16–34.
Abgrall S, Fugon L, Lélé N, Carde E, Bentata M, Patey O, et al. Visiting one’s native country the risks of nonadherence in HIV-infected Sub-Saharan Migrants—ANRS VIHVO Study. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2013;12(6):407–13.
Asander A-S, Björkman A, Belfrage E, Faxelid E. HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children’s future. Health Soc Work. 2009;34(2):107–15.
Stutterheim SE, Shiripinda I, Bos AER, Pryor JB, de Bruin M, Nellen JFJB, et al. HIV status disclosure among HIV-positive African and Afro-Caribbean people in the Netherlands. AIDS Care. 2011;23(2):195–205.
Chaudoir SR, Fisher JD, Simoni JM. Understanding HIV disclosure: a review and application of the disclosure processes model. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(10):1618–29. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.028.
Conserve DF, King G. An examination of the HIV serostatus disclosure process among Haitian immigrants in New York City. AIDS Care. 2014;26(10):1270–4.
Overstreet NM, Earnshaw VA, Kalichman SC, Quinn DM. Internalized stigma and HIV status disclosure among HIV-positive black men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2013;25(4):466–71.
Dageid W, Govender K, Gordon SF. Masculinity and HIV disclosure among heterosexual South African men: implications for HIV/AIDS intervention. Cult Health Sex. 2012;4(8):925–40.
Sumari-de Boer IM, Nellen JFB, Sprangers MAG, Prins JM, Nieuwkerk PT. Personalized stigma and disclosure concerns among HIV-infected immigrant and indigenous HIV-infected persons in the Netherlands. J HIV/AIDS Soc Serv. 2012;11(1):42–56.
Stutterheim SE, Bos AE, Shiripinda I, de Bruin M, Pryor JB, Schaalma HP. HIV-related stigma in African and Afro-Caribbean communities in the Netherlands: manifestations, consequences and coping. Psychol Health. 2012;27(4):395–411. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.585426.
Nöstlinger C, Rojas Castro D, Platteau T, Dias S, Le Gall J. HIV-Related discrimination in European health care settings. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2014;28(3):155–61.
Sellier P, Clevenbergh P, Ljubicic L, Simoneau G, Evans J, Delcey V, et al. Comparative evaluation of adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan African native HIV-infected patients in France and Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(5):654–7.
Douab T, Marcellin F, Vilotitch A, Protopopescu C, Préau M, Suzan-Monti M, et al. Health-related quality of life of people living with HIV followed up in hospitals in France: comparing trends and correlates between 2003 and 2011 (ANRS-VESPA and VESPA2 national surveys). AIDS Care. 2014;26(sup1):S29–40.
McMunn A, Mwanje R, Paine K, Pozniak AL. Health service utilization in London’s African migrant communities: implications for HIV prevention. AIDS Care. 1998;10(4):453–62.
Airhihenbuwa CO. Health and Culture: Beyond the Western Paradigm. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; 1995.
Airhihenbuwa CO. Healing our differences: the global politics of health and the crisis of identity. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield; 2007.
Thomas F, Aggleton P, Anderson J. ‘Experts’, ‘partners’ and ‘fools’: exploring agency in HIV treatment seeking among african migrants in london. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70(5):736–43. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.063.
Whembolua GL, Conserve DF, Tshiswaka DI. Cultural Identity and Health Promotion: assessing a Health Education Campaign Targeting African Immigrants in France. J Pan Afr Stud. 2015;8(2):23–39.
Thomas D. Black France: colonialism, immigration, and transnationalism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; 2006.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Whembolua, GL., Conserve, D.F., Thomas, K. et al. A Systematic Review of HIV Serostatus Disclosure Among African Immigrants in Europe. J Immigrant Minority Health 19, 947–958 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0456-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0456-5